Chapter 12. Alphabetical List Of Plants For The Rock, Wall, Paved, Water And Bog Garden

Showing the Detailed and Individual Culture, also the Best Species and Varieties

NOTE. The words in parentheses following the species and varieties indicate first the colour of the flowers, then the time of blooming, and lastly the average height in inches or feet to which the plants may be expected to grow. A x in front of the specific name indicates that the plant is a hybrid.

Abelia. These are hardy and half-hardy evergreen and deciduous shrubs, which, in mild, sunny, sheltered positions, may be grown out of doors. A. chinensis (Rock Abelia), with white flowers grouped in a star-like calyx hung from a long, delicate stem in August and September and growing to a height of 30 inches, is a pretty shrub for the rock garden. Culture. Take cuttings in October and strike in a frame or layer in August. Plant out in March or October in well-drained peaty loam and leaf-mould. Trim to keep in shape only, cut off dead blooms and thin old wood after flowering.

Abies (Fir). Handsome evergreen coniferous trees, which thrive in open positions in good loam. Of numerous species and varieties, A. balsamea, var. Hudsonia (Dwarf Balsam Fir), A. nobilis (American Silver Fir) and A. pectinata (Silver Fir) are beautiful and useful species for planting, in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in March or October. No pruning is required. To propagate, sow seed in the open in March or April. Take cuttings in late summer of the varieties.

Acaena (New Zealand Burr). A genus of trailing plants, the dwarf-growing kinds of which are delightful for carpeting in the rock garden and in the wall garden. They do well in sun or shade in ordinary light sandy soil, and must be kept in check, or they are prone to spread and smother other subjects. The flowers are small and of little value, and it is for the reddish-brown spines that form on the dead flower-heads that the plants are chiefly prized. The bronze fern-like foliage is also very pleasing in the autumn when there is little else in bloom. A. Sanguisorbce, with its pretty grey-green foliage in summer, is a useful little trailer for the wall garden. Culture. Sow under glass in March, take cuttings in August, or propagate by means of division in April. Plant out in spring or early autumn. These plants do not require protection in winter. Species. A. adscendens (Purple, June-Aug., 6 in.); A. Buchananii (Yellowish-red, Summer, 2-3 in.); A. glauca (Grey Blue, July-Aug., 2-3 in.); A. microphylla (Bright Red, June-Aug., 3 in.); A. Novce-Zelandice (Purple, July-Aug., 2-3 in.).

Acantholimon (Prickly Thrift). Useful little rock plants with grass-like evergreen foliage and of tufted habit. The supporting stems bear the most beautiful limonium-like flowers. These plants like a warm, dry, sunny position, and gritty, well-drained loam. They are valuable alike in the rock or wall garden, and are best propagated by means of cuttings with a "heel" in July, or by layering, and, in the case of A. glumaceum, by division of roots. Species. A. Echinus (White); A. glumaceum (Pale Pink); A. venustum (Pink). All flower from June-July, and grow from 5 to 9 inches in height. The last-named species likes a position on the moraine, and protection from excessive moisture in winter by means of a sheet of glass.

Acer (Maple). Hardy deciduous trees for sunny, sheltered, but open, positions facing south or west with well-drained ordinary soil. They are very decorative plants in early spring when their leaves appear in exquisite tints. A. palmatum, var. septemlobum and A. rubrum may be grown with advantage in the bog or marsh garden, where their beautiful foliage of the deepest red may be shown to perfection. Culture. Plant in October or March. No pruning is required. Propagate by means of budding or cuttings in the open in August. A. palmatum s. atropurpureum, A. palmatum dissect urn, A. p. d. ornatum, A. p. d. aureum, all known as Japanese Maples, are handsome shrubs for the rock garden.

Achillea (Milfoil or Yarrow). This genus includes a number of silvery-leaved, dwarf-growing hardy perennials, which are invaluable for crevices and ledges in the rock garden. They need a sunny situation and a light, dry, rather poor soil. A. tomentosa is a delightful subject for the paved and wall gardens, carrying beautiful heads of flowers of the deepest yellow on stems some 6 inches high springing from carpets of bright grey foliage. Culture. Sow seed under glass in March, or propagate by division or cuttings in spring or autumn. Plant out in position for flowering in October or April. Cover with glass in winter. Species. A. ageratifolia [also known as Anthemis Aizoori] (White, June-Sept., 6 in.); A. argentea [syn. Clavence] (White, May-June, 3-4 in.); A. xKelleren (White, June-Aug., 12 in.); A. xLewisii (Yellow, July-Aug., 6 in.); A. moschata (Pale Yellow, June-July, 3-6 in.); A. tomentosa (Yellow, June-Aug., 6-9 in.); A. umbellata (White, July, 3-5 in.).

Aconite. See Eranthis.

Acorus (Sweet Flag, Sweet Sedge, and Myrtle Grass). A genus of hardy perennials of Iris-like nature, and having leathery leaves from 6 to 30 inches high. The flowers are borne in July and August. They are splendid subjects for the marsh or water garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division in March, and plant out in sunny, marshy situations or in shallow water. Species. A. Calamus (Yellow, 30 in.); A. gramineus, var.japonicus (Leaves striped with Red and White, 30 in.).

Actinella. See Rydbergia.

Adiantum (Maidenhair Fern). A. pedatum is a hardy species that will thrive in a shady, sheltered position in the rock garden in a compost of peaty loam, leaf-mould, and sand (no lime). Culture. Propagate by means of spores sown under glass in July, or by division in April. Do not pull the roots apart, but cut them with a sharp knife. Plant out in April. See also Ferns.

Adonis (Pheasant's Eye). A genus of most delightful rock plants, annuals and perennials, thriving in partial shade in a mixture of loam, peat, and leaf-mould. The flowers are in shape like those of the buttercup and the laciniated foliage is very striking. A. amurensis does not like excessive damp in winter, and needs protecting by means of a sheet of glass. It is also suitable for cultivation in the Alpine House. Culture. The annuals may be raised from seed in the usual manner. Perennials Sow seed under glass in March, or propagate by means of division in September. Plant out in spring or early autumn. Species. {Annuals) A. cestivalis (Crimson, May-June, 12 in.); {Perennials) A. amurensis (Bright Yellow, Feb.-April, 12 in.); A. vernalis (Yellow, March-April, 10 in.).

Ethionema (Burnt Candytuft). A genus of dwarf-growing shrubby perennials that are excellent subjects for growing on the moraine or on ledges in the rock garden. They thrive in the sun in gritty or sandy loam, forming in spring small bushes of waxy little leaves and carrying heads of pink and white flowers. A. grandiflorum is also useful in the wall garden. Culture. Sow under glass in March or take cuttings in July. Trim in all straggly shoots after flowering. Species. A. armenum (Pink, June-July, 4-6 in.); A. armenumx Warley Rose and A. armenum x Warley Ruber are garden hybrids, very useful in the rock and wall gardens (former Deep Pink, latter Deep Crimson-rose, May-Aug., 6-9 in.); A. coridifolium (Rose, June-July, 6 in.); A. grandiflorum (Rose, May-July, 12 in.); A. iberideum (White, May-July, 12 in.); A. oppositifolium (Pink, May, 2-4 in.); A. Thomasianum (Rosy-lilac, May-June, 3-5 in.).

Ageratum (Floss Flower). A delightful little half-hardy annual sitting close to the ground and covered all through the summer with dense masses of blue and white flossy flowers. All varieties make excellent subjects for the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in light soil late in April or in May, in a warm, sunny situation, or under glass in deep boxes of half loam and half leaf-mould and sand in February. Prick off as soon as possible. Harden off in May, and plant out about 12 inches apart the first week in June, the smaller varieties being planted closer together. Cuttings may also be struck in a frame in August. Species. A. Houstonianum [syn. A. mexicanum] (Blue and White, May-Sept., 6-8 in.). Named Varieties. Heavenly Blue (Slate Blue); Imperial Dwarf (Deep Blue); Lavender Band (Lavender); Little Dorrit (Pale Blue); Snow flake (White).

Ajuga (Bugle). Although Ajuga reptans (the Common Bugle) is hardly worthy of notice, this genus includes several pretty little rock plants with attractive foliage. The best of these is probably A. metallica crispa, which has crinkled, dark green leaves with a metallic lustre, and blue flowers. These little plants thrive in almost any situation and in ordinary, gritty soil, and are usually propagated by means of division in March or April. Other attractive varieties are A. reptans atropurpurea with purple leaves, and A. r. variegata with green and white leaves.

Alchemilla (Lady's Mantle). Alchemilla alpina is a low-growing little rock plant of tufted habit with silvery green, strawberry-like foliage and carries tiny greenish flowers in summer. It is useful for carpeting in the paved or rock garden, and likes a sunny, open position and a well-drained, gritty, ordinary soil with a little lime in it. Propagate by means of division in spring or autumn. A. pentaphylla, with tiny white flowers, is also deserving of a place in the rock garden.

Alisma Plantago aquatica (Water Plantain). Hardy perennials of tufted habit, which are useful for bog or water margin in ordinary soil. They grow about 30 inches high, and the rosy-white flowers are borne from June to August. Culture. Sow in March in peat, or propagate by means of division in April, and plant in sunny positions with from 1 to 12 inches of slow-moving water above the crowns.

Allium. Attractive hardy bulbous plants of the onion family, with long, greyish, daffodil-like leaves from the base of which appear slender stalks bearing heads of blue, yellow, rose, and white flowers from May to July. They make interesting subjects for the rock garden, and like a sunny position and a well-drained light loam to which a little sand and leaf-mould have been added. Culture. Plant in September or October, 3 inches deep and 4 inches apart. Lift from the ground when overcrowded and replant immediately. Propagation is by means of seed in a frame in gentle heat in March, or by offsets in October. Species. A. azureum (Sky-blue, 24 in.); A. cyaneum (Blue, 4-6 in.); A. Moly [the Lily Leek] (Yellow, 12 in.); A. narcissiflorum (Lilac-rose, 12-15 in.); A. neapolitanum (White, 12-18 in.); A. Ostrowskianum (Pink, 9-10 in.); A. roseum (Lilac-rose, 12-15 in.).

Alnus (Alder). A deciduous tree, which grows well in sunny, open positions and in a moist, swampy soil. A. glutinosa imperialis (Cut-leaved Alder), A. g. incisa (Cut-leaved Alder), and A. g. laciniata (Drooping Alder) are fascinating species for growing in the large bog or water garden. Culture. Plant in October. No pruning is necessary. May be propagated by means of grafting.

Aloysia nodiflora. See Lippia.

Alsine aretioides. A small Alpine closely related to the Arenarias, making a green carpet over the pans in the Alpine House, and throwing up large white flowers on 2 to 3 inch stems. Culture. They love a position in the moraine also, where they very often require covering with glass in the winter. Propagation is by means of seed or division in the autumn.

Alyssum (Rock Madwort). These are some of the most valuable dwarf annuals and perennials for sunny places in the rock garden. They love a sandy soil; and will not thrive in damp, heavy ground. The annual species, which are quite hardy, bloom nearly the whole summer through, and are excellent for edging or carpeting. The perennials are amongst the earliest and most attractive and showy of spring flowers and constitute some of the best rock or wall garden subjects.

A. montanum is extremely useful in the paved garden or moraine, its woody stems seeming to cling to the stones among which they are growing. From a dense little tuft of grey foliage it sends up loose heads of yellow flowers in early summer. A. Lagascce [syn. Ptilotrichum purpureuni], 2 to 3 inches high, with its lilac-pink flowers in May and June, is useful for the miniature rock garden. Culture. {Hardy Annuals) Sow seed thinly -inch deep in the open from March to May; and when fit to handle thin out to 6 inches apart. {Perennials) Sow seed under glass in March, take cuttings 4 to 5 inches long in April or September and strike in sandy soil under glass, or divide the roots in spring or autumn. Plant out in flowering positions in spring or autumn. They require no protection in winter.

Species and Varieties. {Annuals) A. maritimum [Sweet Alyssum] (White, May-July, 4-6 in.). {Perennials) A. montanum (Yellow, May-June, 3 in.); A. saxatile compactum (Yellow, May, 6-10 in.); A. s. var. citrinum (Sulphur-yellow, April-May, 5-7 in.); A. s.fl. pi. (Summer flowering double, 5-7 in.); A. serpyl-lifolium (Golden Yellow, Summer, 2-3 in.); A. spinosum (White, May, 6 in.); A. s. rubrum (Pink, May-June, 4-6 in.) [syn, Ptilotrichum spinosum].

Amelanchier (June Berry or Service Berry). Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs that thrive in sunny, sheltered positions with moderately light and moist soil. They make suitable subjects for the large bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in October or November. Do not prune, but cut out dead wood, and thin when necessary after flowering. Propagate by means of seed in March, by grafting on the thorn in March, by cuttings struck in the open in October, or by layering. Species. A. canadensis; A. alnifolia. Both bear white flowers from April to May, and grow from 6 to 20 feet in height.

Anagallis (Pimpernel). Delightful little half-hardy annuals with soft green foliage that send out from the axil of each leaf on long hair-like stems the most dainty star-like flowers of red, pink, or blue. They should be grown in warm, sunny positions. A. tenella (Bog Pimpernel), said to be perennial, thrives on a moist bank and is a beautiful carpeting plant. Culture. Sow seed thinly in the open in April, or in March under glass {Temp. 50^o F.). Prick out 4 inches apart into boxes, harden off, and plant out 12 inches apart during May. Species. A. Brewerii (Red, Summer, 5 in.); A. grandiflora (Various, Summer, 6 in.); A. tenella (Pink, July, 3-4 in.); A. Willmoreana (Blue, Summer, 2-3 in.).

Anchusa (Alkanet). A. myosotidiflora, with pale blue flowers from May to July, and which grows to a height of 12 inches, is a delightful perennial for the rock garden, forming dense clumps of dark green borage-like leaves from the midst of which emerge slender greyish stems branching here and there and carrying dainty little porcelain-blue forget-me-not flowers. It likes a sunny position, but does not require very rich soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, propagate by means of division in spring or autumn, or take root cuttings in July. Plant out in October or November, and protect the roots in winter. In cold, heavy soil it is better to plant out in the following March.

Andromeda (Marsh or Wild Rosemary). Hardy, evergreen, rhododendron-like shrubs, which grow best in the sun and in moist, peaty soil. Their roots should never be quite dry, but they will grow in well-drained, fibrous loam and peat, if ample moisture is provided and no lime is present. The flowers, borne in sprays at the end of the branches are exactly like those of the Lily of the Valley. Culture. Plant in October. Propagate by means of ripe seed sown in pans or boxes under glass in October, or layer in September. Species. A. floribunda [syn. Pieris floribunda] (White, Spring, 30-60 in.); A. polifolia (Rose-white, May and June, 20 in.); A. compacta (Pink, May, 4-6 in.); A. [syn. Cassiope] tetragona (White, Spring, 12 in.).

Androsaces

Androsace (Rock Jasmine). These most beautiful, low-growing, and typically alpine plants are divided into two main groups: those of rather rampant growth that require a sunny site, ample drainage, and a gritty, sandy loam; and the high alpine or rock-loving class, which needs a dry, hot, rocky crevice with a deep root-run, or a sunny position in shingle. In many cases they are rather like very woolly, thin-leaved houseleeks. They must have ample moisture in the growing season, but it must not come in contact with the minute, furry cushions of foliage.

To the second section belong such plants as: A. alpina [syn. A. glacialis], A. ciliata, A. cylindrica, A. helvetica, and A. pyrenaica. These are extremely difficult to grow in this country, and are of very little value for the garden, but are of interest in the Alpine House. Most androsaces have silky or woolly leaves and these need a covering of glass in winter to keep out excessive moisture. The masses of starry, primula-like flowers are pink or white and are borne in early summer (except A. lanuginosa, July to September), on short erect stems some 3 to 6 inches high.

Culture. Sow seed under glass in March, take cuttings in September and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of division in April. Plant out in the open in spring or early autumn. Androsaces may also be increased by layering in July.

Anemone (Windflower and Pasque Flower). Anemones of both kinds, hardy fibrous-rooted herbaceous perennials and the tuberous-rooted, thrive best in an open position in semi-shade and in a moist, light, rich medium loam, but generally succeed in any which is well drained, well dug and manured.

The dwarf-growing kinds are most excellent for carpeting under and amongst small shrubs, and for filling odd corners in the rock garden, while such species as A. blanda (Greek Anemone), A. Hepatica, and A. hortensia may also be grown with advantage in pans in the Alpine House.

The star-like, bell-shaped flowers, appearing through a clump of woolly Globe-flower-like leaves, are delicate and extremely lovely. A few anemones, at least, should be in every rock garden. The list shows some of the more suitable and lovely kinds. Culture. (Tuberous) Plant from October to the end of March. Set the tubers about 3 inches deep and 5 inches apart. The roots are best left undisturbed, but may be taken up as soon as the leaves have died down for removal or for drying-off and replanting in the autumn. A change of position is recommended at intervals of two or three years. These anemones may be propagated by means of division of dry rhizomes from September to March. (Fibrous-rooted Herbaceous Perennials) Sow in April in the reserve garden, thinly in drills a foot apart and 3/4-inch deep. Shade from the sun until the seed is up. Thin-out the seedlings to 3 inches apart, and leave them in the reserve garden until the leaves have died down after flowering the following spring, then lift, and replant in their flowering positions about 8 inches apart early in September.

Autumn-flowering, in types that should only flower in spring, may generally be prevented by excluding light and air by means of heavy top-dressings of well-rotted manure during the summer months.

Anemones For The Rock Garden

These are all tuberous, except those indicated with an *, which are fibrous. A. alpina and A. Pulsatilla like lime in their soil; A. nemorosa and A. sulphurea dislike lime; and A. pratensis and A. Pulsatilla like a rather dry site.

Antennaria. Useful little dwarf-growing rock plants of creeping habit that form silvery tufts of foliage and bear in summer masses of tiny pink or white flowers. They spread rapidly in the sun in sandy, gritty loam, and are extremely useful for carpeting, etc., in the paved and rock gardens. These little flowers are best propagated by means of division of roots in spring or autumn, and require no protection in winter. Species. A. dioica (Rose); A. d., var. rosea (Rose), and A. d., var. tomentosa (White).

Anthemis (Chamomile). Hardy perennials with scented, finely-cut, silvery foliage, the dwarf-growing species of which should be grown in sandy loam on sunny ledges in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in heat in March or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division in April or October. Species. A. Aizoon [also known as Achillea ageratifolia] (White, June-Sept., 6 in.); A. montana (White, June-Aug., 12 in.).

Anemone Pulsatilla

Anthericum (St. Bernard's Lily). These are very useful plants of the Lily family, growing well in any warm, dry comer. Culture. Sow seeds in spring, and prick off into pans. Plant out in autumn. Species. A. Liliago (White, June-July, 30 in.); A. ramosum (White, June, 12-15 in.).

Anthyllis {see Erinacea) (Kidney Vetch and Ladies' Fingers). Pretty little shrubby rock plants with silvery, pea-like flowers on 10-inch stems in June and July. They are of tufted habit, and have pointed, downy foliage. A sunny position and a warm, gritty loam suits them best. Culture. Sow seed under glass in March, take cuttings in March and strike in light, sandy soil, or propagate by division in March or September. Plant out in flowering position in spring or early autumn. Species. A. Hermannice (Yellow); A. montana rubra (Deep Rose); A. Vulneraria (Yellow).

Antirrhinum (Snapdragon). Only one or two species of this popular plant are suitable for the rock or wall garden. These are of dwarf or trailing habit, with broad, hairy, and light-grey leaves, and love sunny positions and a dry, well-drained, sandy, and gritty loam. They must be protected from excessive wet by means of glass in winter, and are usually raised from seed sown under glass in March. Species. A. Asarina (White and Yellow, May-Aug., 4 in.); A. glutinosum (Whitish-pink, May-Aug., 5 in.); A. sempervirens (Cream, tinged Purple, June-Aug., 4-6 in.).

Aponogeton distachyus (Cape Water Hawthorn or Pond Weed). A useful hardy aquatic plant, which spreads over the surface of the water, and carries masses of small white flowers from May to October. It does equally well in sun or shade in water with an ordinary soil bottom, and is excellent for ponds, fountains, or basins, but must be kept in check or it will soon smother other aquatics growing with it. Culture. Propagate by means of offsets or division in March. Plant in a weighted basket in slow-moving water with from 6 to 30 inches of water above the crowns. If the water is deeper than the stalks, make a mound of soil in the water and plant so that the leaves will reach the top. There is also a variety A. d. roseum with pink and white flowers.

Aquilegia (Columbine). These are hardy herbaceous perennials and biennials, that do best in rather shady, sheltered positions and in moist, cool, well-drained, deep, rich loam and leaf-mould to which a little lime may be added. Their dainty, fairy-like flowers are borne on wiry, slender stems, and the whole plant is altogether graceful. The dwarf kinds should certainly be tried in the rock or wall garden, or Alpine House. Culture. The columbines cross-fertilize with one another so profusely that they are very difficult to raise true from seed. If seed is used, it should be sown under glass in March or August, or the plants may be propagated by means of division in April or September. Plant out in spring or early autumn in rich, gritty loam in a semi-shaded position. They require no protection in winter. Species. A. alpina (Violet-blue, May and June, 10 in.); A. ccerulea (Pale Blue, May-July, 10 in.); A. canadensis nana (Orange, May-July, 15 in.); A. glandulosa (Lilac-blue and White, May-July, 12-18 in.); A. pyrenaica (Blue and White, May-July, 8 in.); A. saximontana (Pale blue, June, 4 in.); A. scopulorum (Blue, June-Aug., 4 in.).

Arabis (Rock Cress). These are the most frequently seen of all the hardy perennial rock plants. They like a sunny position and ordinary well-drained soil or sandy loam. The coarser varieties of arabis increase rapidly and thus should not be planted in close proximity to more choice plants, as they will be likely soon to smother them, and for the same reason should be trimmed back after flowering. Some varieties have rather attractive variegated leaves (A. albida variegata and A. lucida variegata), and are chiefly used in the front of mixed borders, in the rock garden, and for carpeting. A. albida fi. pl.y A. a., var. Rosabella, and A. androsacea are showy and useful in the wall garden; A. alpina may also be grown with advantage in the Alpine House, also A. Sturii, see Culture. Sow seed under glass in March, take cuttings 3 inches long in August and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of division in September. Plant out in flowering position in spring or early autumn. They should be cut well back after flowering.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (Bearberry). This is a pretty little trailing evergreen shrub, with small, roundish, leathery leaves, and in April and May carries flowers shading from white to rose. It is indigenous to certain moorland and mountainous districts, and if similar conditions are provided, can be grown quite easily from seed. It dislikes lime in the soil. A. alpina (The Black Bearberry), with white to red flowers in September, is a delightful little shrub, which rarely grows more than 10 inches high.

Arenaria (Sandwort). Dwarf hardy perennial creeping plants forming carpets and tufts of compact bright green foliage that in summer is smothered with masses of small white, pink, or reddish flowers. They are useful for carpeting, for the paved garden, and are ideal for the rock garden. These plants like the sun and a moist, sandy, gritty loam. A. balearica is also useful for the wall or paved garden, clinging very closely to the ground and smothering the soil with the most minute green leaves from which arise slender stalks bearing little white star-like flowers. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in April and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by division in March or September. Plant out in a rather cool spot in the open in sun or shade in spring or early autumn. No protection need be given in winter. They are apt to spread and encroach on other plants, but do little harm and are easily kept in check.

Species and Varieties. A. balearica (White, May and June, 3 in.); A. ccespitosa (White, June-July, 3 in.); A. montana grandiflora (White, May-July, 3 in.); A. Ledebouriana (White, May-June, 3 in. cushions); A. purpurascens (Reddish-purple, June and July, 3in.).

Armeria (Thrift, Sea Pink, Cushion Pink, etc.). Dwarf and tufted hardy perennials with grass-like evergreen foliage, now mainly seen in the paved and rock garden. The colour of the flowers ranges from a deep pink to white. These little plants like a sunny, open position and a dry, deep, gritty, and strong loam. Culture. Sow seed as soon as ripe under glass or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division in March, and plant out in permanent position. The stronger growing species should be divided at least every third year. Species. A. ccespitosa (Lilac-pink, June, 4 in.); A. juncea (Lilac, June-July, 4 in.); A. maritima and varieties (Rose, Red, Lilac, White, June-July, 6 12 in.); A. plantaginea (Rose, May-July, 18 in.).

Arnebia [syn. Macrotomia] (Prophet Flower). Hardy annuals and dwarf-growing perennials, which do best in the sun and in well-drained, sandy loam. A. echioides, SL perennial, is an attractive little rock plant with clusters of yellow flowers, each spotted with five black dots. A. cornuta and A. Griffiithii, annuals, are other useful dwarf species. Culture. {Annuals) Sow seed in March under glass or in the open in April; {Perennials) Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division in September. These plants, except A. echioides, require no protection in winter. Species. A. cornuta (Yellow, Black Dot, June-Aug., 15 in.); A. Griffithii (Deep Yellow, June-Aug., 10 in.); A. echioides (Pale Yellow, Black Dot, May-Aug., 9 in.).

Artemisia (Old Man, Lad's Love, Southernwood, etc.). This genus comprises hardy herbaceous perennials, also evergreen and deciduous shrubs with fragrant and silvery foliage. They thrive in ordinary soil and in an open position. Several of the dwarf-growing kinds make excellent plants for the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division in October, or increase by cuttings in September. Species. A. Abrotanum (Yellowish White, July-Aug., 3-5 ft.); A. argentea (Yellow or White, June-Sept., 20 in.); A. lanata (Yellow [Silver Foliage], July-Aug., 4-6 in.).

Arundinaria [syn. Bambusd]. A genus of bamboo, the species of which require a moist climate, a deep, rich loam holding ample leaf-mould, and plenty of protection from north and east winds. Arundinarias are valuable for planting near streams and ponds and in the bog garden. All species, save A. japonica, quickly suffer from drought, and it is essential that they shall receive attention in dry weather, if planted where the soil is apt to dry quickly. Of the hardy kinds A. japonica [syn. Bambusa Metake], growing 10 to 15 feet high, is the most generally grown. Culture. Propagate by means of division in May, and plant out in semi-shade. Cut out all dead wood in April. Other hardy species are: A. Falconed (20 ft.); A. nitida (10 ft.); A. Simoni (15 ft.); A. Veitchii (30 in.). Variegated species: A. auricoma (4 ft.), and the dwarf-growing A. Fortunei (20 in.).

Arundo (Great Reed). A perennial which thrives in semi-shade on slightly swampy banks in light, rich loam, and grows to a height of 10 feet. It is very attractive, but is only suitable to large marsh or water gardens. Culture. Propagate by means of division in May. Species. A. Donax (Glaucous Foliage, 10 ft.); A. Donax variegata (Leaves Striped with White, 10 ft.).

Asarum europaeum. A curious and useful little rock plant growing about 12 inches high and during the spring bearing purplish bell-shaped flowers amidst a mass of dark, heart-shaped, leathery leaves, which almost smother them. Culture. Propagate by means of division from September to March, and plant out in permanent position in a shady spot under shrubs and in moist and rich soil. No protection is necessary in winter. A. virginianum is another hardy kind.

Asperula (Woodruff). Beautiful little dwarf-growing perennials with dense moss-like foliage. They make most attractive subjects for the moraine or for rough slopes in the rock garden, and like a sunny site, and sandy loam with ample grit in it and a deep root-run. Protection by means of glass should be afforded during the winter. A. Gussonii is also useful for the wall garden, or may be grown in the Alpine House. A. suberosa dislikes lime in its soil. Culture. Sow seeds under glass as soon as ripe or in April, or propagate by means of division in April. Plant out in permanent position in spring or early autumn. Dress occasionally with granite chips and leaf-mould. Species. A. Gussonii (Rose, May-Aug., 4 in.); A. hirta (Pink [Star-like Flowers], March-Sept., 3 in.) A. odorata (White or Pink, June-Aug., 6-8 in.); A. orientalis [syn. azurea setosd] (Light Blue, June-Sept., 4 in.); A. suberosa (Pink [Silver Foliage], June and July, 3 in.).

Aspidium. See Polystichum, Dryopteris, etc.

Asplenium (Spleenwort). A large genus of hardy and greenhouse evergreen ferns. The hardy species, which are excellent for the rock garden, thrive in the shade and in a mixture of peaty loam, leaf-mould, and old mortar rubble. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of division in April, or sow spores under glass in July. Species. A. adiantum-nigrum (Black Maidenhair Spleen-wort), 6 to 12 inches; and A. ruta-muraria (Wall Rue), 2 inches. See also Ferns.

Aster (Starwort). The dwarf kinds, such as Aster alpinus (6 inches high, with large white, blue, purple, or pink flowers in July), are very lovely and make excellent subjects for the rock garden. They need the sun and a dry site. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October. Do not allow too many shoots to spring from any one crown, or the flowers will deteriorate. Lift and divide the roots triennially. Slugs, unfortunately, are very partial to these asters, and if the plants are to survive, ceaseless war will have to be waged on them. Species. A. alpinus, var. albus (White, June, 6 in.); A. alpinus, var. roseus (Pink, June-July, 6 in.); A. alpinus, var. speciosus (Blue, June-July, 6 in.); A. Farreri (Violet-red, May-June, 9 in.); A. Forrestii (Violet-orange, May-June, 9 in.); A. Pappei (China Blue, Jan.-Dec., 12 in.); A. hybrids various colours autumn.

Astilbe (Goat's Beard). The astilbe is closely allied to the spiraea, having the same loose foliage. It needs a cool, deep, and moist loam, either in sun or shade, and is thus a suitable subject for the marsh or bog garden. When grown in the sun, ample water must be afforded in dry weather and a mulch of leaf-mould should be given every November. These plants grow from 3 inches to 6 feet in height and flower from May to September. See also Spiraea. Culture. Propagate by means of division in autumn or spring, and plant out in permanent position, which should be enriched with ample well-decayed cow-manure or hop-manure. Do not lift or divide the roots for three or four years after planting. Species. A. congest a (Cream, Aug., 12 in.); A. crispa (Pink and White, July, 6 in.); A. glaberrima, var. saxatilis (Pink, June-July, 3 in.); A. simplicifolia (Pale Pink, June-July, 6 in.); A. sinensispumila (Rosy-mauve, July-Aug., 9 in.); A. Davidii hybrids (Red, Pink, White, etc., July-Sept., 4-6 ft.).

Astragalus (Milk Vetch). Hardy dwarf-growing plants of the broom genus, some of which make excellent subjects for the rock garden. They thrive in the sun and in deep loam, sand and mortar rubble. Culture. Sow under glass in the spring and summer, or propagate by division in autumn. Species. A. alpinus (Purple, June-Aug., Trailing); A. monspessulanus (Purple, June-Aug., 6 in.).

Astrantia (Masterwort). Hardy pereninals, which like a shady position and a soil composed of cool, moist loam and leaf-mould. The dwarf-growing kinds are very lovely and exceptionally pleasing for the rock garden. The glossy, deep green foliage is laciniated and the flowers, which are usually whitish or rose, are carried in umbels on slender stems. Propagate by means of root division in spring or autumn. Species. A. Biebersteinii (Rose, May-July, 30 in.); A. major (White, tinged Pink, May-July, 18 in.); A. minor (Pale Rose or White, May-July, 6 in.).

Athyrium (Lady Fern). Hardy deciduous ferns growing from 2 to 4 feet in height and doing best in shady positions and in a mixture of peat, sandy loam, and leaf-mould. They are excellent subjects for the rock garden. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of spores sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Atriplex hortensis rubra. This is a hardy annual with ornamental red foliage. It grows to a height of about 4 feet, and makes a most attractive plant for the marsh or bog garden. Culture. Propagate by means of seed sown in the open in April or August, and thin out to 18 inches apart.

Aubrieta (Rock Cress). Pretty perennial evergreen trailing plants, which in spring provide masses of colour in the paved and rock gardens. They thrive amazingly on the moraine and even on the wall in the sun and in dry, rich, sandy loam and leaf-mould. They are happiest when allowed to ramble over the rocks or down the face of a wall. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in April, prick out to 3 inches apart, and plant out in flowering position in October. Propagate also by means of division in October or March, or cuttings may be taken in July and struck in sandy soil in a frame. Plant out in permanent position when well rooted. After flowering all straggling shoots should be trimmed well back; if this is not done, the old crowns are liable to die back. Varieties. Bridesmaid (Blush-pink); Dr. Mules (Violet-blue); Fire King (Crimson); Lavender; Lilac Queen (Rose Lilac); Magician (Purple); Red Carnival (Deep Red); Warbarrow (Rose). All these and many more varieties flower from April to June, and grow from 4 to 6 inches in height.

Auriculas (Alpine) [syn. Primula Auricula]. Alpine auriculas are most delightful plants for the rock garden, forming tight little clumps of thick, leathery leaves, which in spring are covered with a white bloom or farine. The flowering period is from March to May, when the plants throw up spikes of primrose-like flowers in all imaginable colours. Culture. Sow in a light, sandy soil in a little heat immediately the seeds are ripe or in March. Prick-off into boxes as soon as four leaves have formed. Harden-off in a shady cold frame at the end of May. Plant out 6 inches apart in September or October in a partially-shaded position facing north, and in well-drained, rather heavy loam and cow-manure. Lift, divide, and re-plant triennially after flowering. Very many varieties are obtainable today.

Azalea. Azaleas are distinguished as Ghents (deciduous), Mollis or Japanese (deciduous), and Indian (evergreen). The first two are the most suitable for open-air culture, and some species are very attractive if planted in the bog, marsh, or rock garden; the Indian azaleas are greenhouse plants. A compost of sandy peat and loam, or two-thirds fibrous loam and one-third leaf-mould, is suitable for all species, but they will grow quite well in almost any soil which does not contain lime or chalk. Culture. For outdoor culture, see Rhododendrons. Species. {Hardy) A. mollis (Red, Yellow, etc.); A. nudiflora (Pink or White); A. pontica (Yellow). All these flower from May to June and grow to a height of from 3 to 6 feet. Named varieties are innumerable, and growers' catalogues should be consulted.

Bambusa (Bamboo). There are three great classes of bamboos, namely, Arundinaria, Bambusa, and Phyllostachys. Most species do well in the open in the bog or marsh garden, especially if the soil is of a moist, deep, and light loamy nature, and has some peat or leaf-mould in it, but in exposed situations they require some protection. Culture. Propagate by means of division in May, and plant out in a sheltered position on a slightly swampy bank and in partial shade. Cut out dead canes in April, and mulch annually with a good dressing of leaf-mould or well-rotted manure. Species. (Hardy) B. Fortunei aurea (2-3 ft.); B.japonica [syn. Metake] (5-10 ft.); B. palmata (2-5 ft.); B. pygmcea (H ft.); and B. tessellata (3 ft.).

Bartonia, now included in Mentzelia, which see.

Bellis (Daisy). There are many species of this dwarf-growing hardy perennial, all of which may be grown in the rock garden. Among the most beautiful are the Large Double, the Large Quilled, and the Hen and Chickens. All thrive in the sun and in moderately rich soil, and produce masses of flowers in the spring and early summer. They grow from 6 to 12 inches high. Culture. Sow seed in the open in June, or propagate by means of division after flowering. Plant out in permanent position in October. All daisies flower better if the roots are periodically divided. Species. B. perennis. Named Varieties. Dresden China (Pink, Double); Rob Roy (Crimson, Double); The Bride (White); Victoria (Pink and White).

Bellium minutum [syn. B. rotundifolium]. Attractive little dwarf-growing daisy-like perennials with flowers that are whitish inside and darkish purple on the outside from May to September. They are very suitable for the paved or rock garden. These little plants will grow almost anywhere, but thrive in the sun in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould, growing to about 3 inches high. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division in April.

Berberis (Barberry). Beautiful hardy flowering shrubs, evergreen and deciduous, among which are some of the most useful and attractive shrubs in cultivation. The stems are very thorny, and many species bear lovely orange or yellow flowers in spring or early summer, and in autumn carry handsome black, purple, or red fruit. Others have gorgeously tinted foliage in autumn. Culture. Plant from March to April or from October to November in ordinary soil or, better still, sandy loam. When overcrowded thin out old and useless wood after flowering, and shorten long shoots to keep the bushes in shape. Trimming should be delayed until the spring in the case of shrubs grown for autumn foliage. Most species are propagated by means of seeds in the open in October, by half-matured cuttings in a frame in July or August, or by layering in August. B. stenophylla, which is a useful species to grow in the marsh or bog garden, must be propagated by cuttings or suckers. B. Wilsonce, with its golden-yellow flowers in May, is a small-leaved and dwarf-growing plant, which makes a most useful shrub for the rock garden. The coral-red berries appear in the late autumn and last a long way through the winter. Species. (Evergreen) B. Aquifolium (Yellow, Feb. and March, 5 ft.); B. Darwinii nana (Orange, April-May); B. stenophylla (syn. empetrifolia) (Yellow, April-June, 8-10 ft.); B. s., var. coccinea Dwarf, Orange-red); (Deciduous) B. concinna (Yellow, Spring, 3 ft.); B. Thunbergii nana (Yellow, April-May, 3 ft.); B. vulgaris, the Common Barberry (Yellow, May, 4-15 ft.); B. Wilsonce (Yellow, May, 2-4 ft.).

Betula (Birch Tree). Plant in October or November in a sunny, open, but moist position. B. populifolia [syn. alba] (Silver Birch) and B. pendula (Weeping Birch) are graceful trees for the bog or water garden. B. humilis, B. nana, and B. pumila, are more or less dwarf-growing, and make attractive shrubs for the rock garden. All species will thrive in a poor, gravelly soil. No pruning is necessary. Propagate by means of seed or by grafting.

Blechnum (Hard Fern). Hardy and greenhouse evergreen ferns growing from 10 to 30 inches high. The hardy species, which are excellent subjects for the rock garden, thrive in shady positions and in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould with no lime in it. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of spores sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Bloomeria. Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plants, that may be grown in the open in a warm sheltered rock garden. In the more exposed places, however, they should be grown indoors. They do well in a sandy soil, growing from 10 to 15 inches high, and flowering in May and June. Culture. Plant in September or October 2 to 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart. Propagate by means of offsets in September. B. aurea (Golden-yellow) and B. Clevelandii (Yellow) are among the best species.

Borrago (Borage). B. laxiflora is a short-lived hardy perennial. It is of trailing habit and is sometimes grown in the rock garden. In summer it carries quaint rosettes of foliage and bell-shaped, violet-blue flowers. Seed should be sown in the open in March, fresh plants being raised each year.

Brachycome iberidifolia (Swan River Daisy). Summer-flowering, dwarf-growing half-hardy annual, covered during the greater portion of the summer with a profusion of pretty cineraria-like flowers. It grows about 9 inches high, and makes a very effective subject in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in light, rich soil in April in the open, or in March or April in gentle heat. Thin out, or plant out 9 inches apart in a sunny position about the end of May. This plant does best when sown where it is to flower. Varieties. White Star, Blue Star, Red Star.

Brodixa (Californian or Missouri Hyacinth). Beautiful hardy and half-hardy bulbous plants with hyacinth-like foliage, amidst which the cup-shaped flowers of various colours are borne on stems but very little taller than the leaves. It is the dwarf-growing species that interest us here, and these may be grown in well-drained, deep, sandy soil mixed with leaf-mould, in sunny sites in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October, 3 inches deep and 5 inches apart. Protect with ashes during winter, and lift the bulbs from the soil every fourth year only.

Propagate by means of offsets in October. Species. B. grandiflora (Violet-blue, June and July, 15 in.); B. ixioides (Yellow, Summer, 6 in.); B. uniflora (White or Blue, April-May, 6 in.), often seen in catalogues under the name of Triteleia uniflora.

Bruckenthalia spiculifolia. These little dwarf-growing evergreen shrubs, which are closely allied to the heath family, rarely exceed 7 or 8 inches in height, and make excellent subjects for the rock garden. They prefer a light, peaty soil, and the pretty pale-rose, bell-shaped flowers are borne in June and July.

Brunella. See Prunella.

Bryanthus. See Phyllodoce.

Bulbocodium (Spring Meadow Saffron). A pretty little hardy bulb with crocus-like blooms, that appear before the leaves. It makes a worthy addition to the rock garden, and likes a well-drained, sandy soil and a sunny position. Culture. Plant in August, 3 inches deep and 4 inches apart. Lift from the soil every fourth year, and propagate by means of offsets in August. B. vernum (Purple-red, Jan.-March, 5 in.) is the best species.

Butomus umbellatus (Flowering Rush or Lily Grass). A hardy aquatic perennial of tufted habit, which likes a warm, sunny position in a bog or on a muddy bank, or in sheltered still water, with from an inch to a foot of water above the crowns. It grows to some 2\ feet in height and carries pink flowers from June to August. Propagate by means of division in March.

Cacti. Cacti cannot be said to form a genus, but rather a class including a number of genera which possess similar characteristics. They are curious and interesting perennials, many of the species producing magnificent flowers of the most striking and brilliant colours. Half-hardy cacti make most fascinating subjects for the rock or wall garden. They should be planted in spring in a well-drained, sunny, sheltered site and in light loam with a mixture of brick rubble, sand, and gravel. Cereus, Echinocactus, and Mammillaria, and those whose hairy or downy stems are likely to hold moisture, should be covered with glass in winter. Propagate by means of cuttings (partially dried) in summer, by grafting in March, or by offsets. Species. {Hardy) Cereus Engelmanni (Purple, June, 18 in.); Mammillaria setispina (Pink, Summer, 9 in.); Opuntia pulchella (Purple, Summer, 10 in.).

Calamintha alpina [syn. Satureid] (Calamint). A most useful and hardy aromatic plant for the rock and paved gardens. It forms a thick carpet of foliage, and all through the summer carries sprays of violet flowers. This plant should be grown in a sunny site and in gritty loam. Propagate by means of seeds under glass in March, or by division in March or September. C. grandiflora is a taller species (12 in.) with purple-red flowers in July and August.

Calandrinia (Rock Purslane or Portulaca). Beautiful dwarf-growing annual and perennial plants, that thrive in the sun and in sandy loam. C. umbellata (perennial), a trailing species with crimson flowers carried on slender stems, is invaluable for the rock garden, and for dry, hot banks. Culture. Sow seed under glass in March. Thin out as early as possible, harden off, and plant out in May. Propagate perennials by means of division or cuttings in spring or autumn, and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter. Species.

(Annual) C. Menziesii (Purple, 9 in.). (Perennials) C. discolor (Lilac, 12-18 in.); C. grandiflora (Rose, 18 in.); C. umbellata (Crimson, 9 in.). All flower from July to September.

Calceolaria (Slipper Flower). There are two distinct kinds of calceolaria, the Herbaceous, raised and reared under glass for flowering in May and June, and the Shrubby, chiefly grown for bedding out. Some of the dwarf-growing species of the latter, such as C. acutifolia [syn. C. polyrrhiza] (6 in.), with soft yellow flowers spotted brown, borne in July, make excellent subjects for a damp position in the rock garden. C. biflora [syn. C. plantaginea] (4-8 in.), with canary yellow flowers from June to September, is another useful species. C. violacea (12 in.), with light bluish-violet flowers in summer, is a very choice but somewhat delicate species. These calceolarias love partial shade and a moist, fibrous loam mixed with leaf-mould or peat and sand. Culture. Take cuttings of vigorous young basal shoots in September and strike under glass, or in a warm north border, and cover with a hand-glass. If the weather turns frosty, throw some covering over the hand-glass. A fortnight later they may either be potted up or kept as cool as possible, 3 to 4 inches apart in the pit, and should be finally transferred to the rock garden towards the end of May or early in June. Division of the roots may be preferred, and this should be done in spring or autumn. Seed may also be sown under glass in March (Temp. 50^o-60^o F.). Transplant the seedlings into boxes as soon as they can be handled, and next pot up singly into 3- to 4-inch pots. Transfer to a cold frame in May, and before the plants become pot-bound, harden-off gradually, and plant out early in June. Species (for the Alpine House). C. biflora (Yellow, June-July, 6 in.); C. Darwinii (Orange, Maroon, June, 3 in.); C. Fothergillii (Yellow and Red spots, July, 4 in.); C. tenella (Yellow, Marked Crimson, June-July, 2 in., creeper).

Calla palustris (Bog Arum). Hardy aquatic plants, which spread over the surface of shallow, still water. They like a sunny position and a firm soil at the margin of ponds. The white flowers are borne from June to August. Culture. Plant in March with not more than 12 inches of water above the crowns. Propagate by means of division of roots in March.

Callirhoe (Poppy Mallow). C. involucrata, a trailing perennial species with beautiful purple-red flowers in July and August, is worthy of a place in any rock garden. It likes a sunny site and well-drained ordinary soil, and is best propagated after flowering by means of cuttings in September. Seed may also be sown in spring or autumn.

Calluna vulgar is (Ling-Heather). A hardy evergreen shrub thriving in full sun and in peaty, non-calcareous soil. Culture. Plant in October; trimming off dead flowerheads in April. To propagate, take cuttings in summer and strike in peaty soil in a frame, or layer in summer. See also Erica. Varieties. Alportii (Crimson-pink, July-Sept., 15 in.); aurea (Golden Foliage, July-Sept., 12 in.); Foxii (Pink, July-Sept., 5 in.); Serlei (White, July-Sept., 18 in.).

Calochortus (Butterfly Tulip, Star Tulip, or Mariposa Lily). Half-hardy bulbous plants, that should be planted in full sun and in sandy, well-drained leaf-mould. Culture. Plant in late October, 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart, in a sunny corner of the rock garden. Cover with straw or fibre in winter, and lift the bulbs when the leaves die down. Propagate by offsets in November. Species. C. Howellii (White, July-Aug., 18 in.); C. pulchellus (Yellow-orange, July-Aug., 12 in.); C. venustus and vars. (Yellow and Red, July and Aug., 15 in.).

Caltha (Marsh Marigold). A useful hardy perennial for the water-side or for a moist position in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or July, and plant out on a moist bank or at the water's edge in rich soil and in full sun or partial shade. Species. C. palustris fl. pi. (Rich Yellow [Double], May-July, 12 in.); C. leptosepala (White, May-July, 8-12 in.); C. polypetala, The Giant Kingcup, (Golden, May-July, 20 in.).

Camassia (Quamash). Hardy bulbous plants, which grow well in moist, but sunny positions and in a mixture of loam, leaf-mould, and well-rotted manure. Culture. Plant in October, 4 to 5 inches deep and 10 inches apart; lift from the soil every fourth year. Propagate by offsets in October, or by seed under glass in March. Species. C. esculenta vars. (Purple-blue, Blue, and Silvery White, May and June, 20-30 in.); C. Cusickii (Pale Lavender-blue, May and June, 20 in.).

Campanula (Bellflower). A comprehensive and deservedly popular genus, including annuals, biennials, and perennials, and providing a great variety of plants for the Alpine House, border, and rock garden. The species themselves are numerous, but as they intermarry freely, the hybrids are bewildering in their names and almost overpowering in number. The alpine species are most delightful little plants, and quite indispensable in the rock garden. The flowers are mostly blue, purple, or white in colour, and vary considerably in form. Some are tall and erect; others are prostrate. In shape the flowers are mostly bell-shaped and drooping, but in many cases they are star-like or cup-shaped and are carried erect with their centres facing upwards. Generally the flowers are borne on single stems, but some species carry several flowers on a stalk. These alpine campanulas rarely exceed 6 inches in height, and nearly all of them love an open position in sun or partial shade, doing best in rocky crevices, on walls, on the chip-strewn scree of a moraine, or in the chinks between the stones in the paved garden. They should be given a compost of well-drained, light, sandy loam with ample grit and leaf-mould. Most of these plants are lime-haters. Generally speaking, they are very easy of cultivation, but a few need special conditions. In the list we give a selection of species that are representative, well worth having, and at the same time easy to grow. There are many other species, as, for example, C. Allionii, C. excisa, and C. Zoysii, that are difficult, and best suited for the Alpine House. C. pulla does not like lime in its soil and is essentially a plant for the moraine, but it will grow in gritty leaf-mould in a chink or crevice. C. garganica hirsuta must be protected by means of glass in winter. C. pulla, as well as such species as C. alpina and C. pusilla, are also excellent subjects for cultivation in the Alpine House. There are, in addition, the taller campanulas, as C. grandiflora, C. latifolia, and C. persicifolia, which are really herbaceous border plants, but which may be grown in out-of-the-way corners and on the outskirts. Culture. Most species are easily raised from seed, but many, unfortunately, do not as a rule come true to type, and are, therefore, better propagated by means of division of roots. Sow seed in gentle heat as soon as ripe, or in March, or propagate by means of division in spring or autumn.

Campanulas For The Rock Garden

*Indicates species which like a mixture of gritty, peaty loam, and leaf-mould. It Indicates species requiring a sunny position.

Cardamine (Lady's Smock, Bitter Cress, or Cuckoo Flower). Hardy perennials growing from 4 inches to 2 feet in height and flowering from May to July. They do best in sun or shade and in marshy land in the bog garden. C. pratensis fl. pl.y which grows about 12 inches high and carries pretty lilac-coloured flowers, is a species most suitable for cultivation as is also C. trifolia a small 4-inch clover-foliaged species flowering from May to June in a semi-shaded moist position. There are some annual species also, but these are of no practical interest in the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division in March, and plant out in permanent position.

Carlina acaulis. Pretty little dwarf-growing rosette-shaped plants for the rock garden. The flowers, which appear in summer, are like miniature thistles, nestling closely to the rosette. The plants will thrive almost anywhere, and are easily raised by means of seed sown in spring or autumn. Species. C. acanthifolia (Silver thistle, July, 2-3 in.); C. Cynara (Yellow thistle, July, 9 in.).

Cassinia. Beautiful evergreen shrubs, very branching by nature, which like a sunny position and an ordinary well-drained soil. They grow from 3 to 6 feet high, and flower from July to September. C. fulvida, which grows about 4 feet high and carries pretty creamy-white flowers, is a good species that may be grown with advantage in the rock garden. Culture. Plant from October to November; thin out the branches when overcrowded. To propagate, strike cuttings in a frame in August.

Cassiope tetragona. Beautiful dwarf evergreen shrubs with white flowers hanging like small bells from erect, heath-like stems in April and May. They rarely exceed 6 inches in height, and make excellent additions to the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of layering in July or by cuttings in August placed under a bell-jar in a compost of sand and peat. Plant out in April. A cool, moist, semi-shaded site is desirable, also sandy loam and leaf-mould. C.fastigiata and C. Mertensiana are useful subjects for the miniature rock garden also C. hypnoides and C. selaginoides. They are lime-haters.

Ceanothus prostratus. The prostrate blue-flowered member from a large race of shrubs is most suitable. Propagate by means of cuttings and plant out in October or March in a position where its roots may have plenty of room to run deeply into the rock garden.

Cedar (Cedrus). Hardy evergreen trees, dwarf-growing varieties of which, such as C. atlantica aurea, C. a. fastigiata, C. a. glauca, C. a. pendula, C. deodara, var. pendula and C. libani brevifolia, are useful in the rock garden. Plant in September or October in a sunny position and in a well-drained, gravelly, chalky, or sandy soil. To propagate, graft varieties on young plants of species sown in March or April.

Celmisia. A genus of tufted, dwarf-growing plants with long hairy leaves and pretty white daisy-like flowers in summer. The hardy species make delightful subjects for the rock garden. They like a dry, warm position in full sun or semi-shade and a gritty, sandy soil. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March. Protect with glass in winter. Species. C. coriacea, C. holosericea, easiest grown; C. grandiflora, C. LindsayU and C. spectabilis. These all grow from 12 to 18 inches high. Two smaller species more suitable for the Alpine House are C. alpina (White, about 6 in.), and C. sessiliflora (with stalkless White flowers forming small cushions upon the chippings in the pan or moraine).

Centaurium scilloides. See Erythraea diffusa.

Centranthus. See Kentranthus.

Cerastium (Mouse-ear, Chick-weed, Jerusalem Star, Snow in Summer). A genus of dwarf-growing and spreading hardy perennials of tufted growth that are extremely useful for carpeting or for crevices in the rock, wall, or paved gardens. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in April, take cuttings 3 inches long in June and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of division in March. Plant out in spring or early autumn in a sunny position and in poor, sandy or gritty loam. After flowering, all straggling growths should be cut back, or less vigorous neighbours will soon be suffocated. No protection is necessary in winter with the exception of C. alpinum lanatum which may be grown in a sunny position where it can be covered with glass in the winter. Species. C. alpinum lanatum, C. Biebersteinii, and C. tomentosum (all White [Silver Foliage], Summer flowering, 6 in.).

Ceratostigma (Leadwort). Low-growing rock plants with thin, wiry stems carrying rather glutinous bright green leaves and breaking out into heads of brilliant cobalt blue flowers in autumn. They grow best in the sun in gritty loam, and are very suitable for rock ledges, crevices, and walls. Culture. Sow seed under glass, or propagate by means of division in March or September and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter. C. plum-baginoides (Cobalt Blue, July-Sept., 9 in.), sometimes named Plumbago Larpentce, is the best known.

Cham Keypads. Syn. Cupressus.

Chxnomeles better known under Cydonia.

Charieis (Cape Aster). A pretty little free-flowering hardy annual, which when well grown is very effective in the rock garden. It grows some 6 inches high and flowers from June to September, thriving in any good garden soil. Culture. Sow seed thinly i-inch deep from March to May, and thin out to 6 inches apart when fit to handle. C. heterophylla (Blue, or White, 6 in.) is the most commonly grown species.

Cheiranthus. See Wallflower.

Chionanthus retusus (Fringe Tree). A hardy deciduous shrub, which is well worthy of a place in the bog or marsh garden. It likes a partially shaded and sheltered position and a well-drained, moist loam, and in June and July bears white flowers. Culture. Plant from October to November, or in February and March, and trim to shape only after flowering, as the flowers are borne on the wood made in the previous year. Plants grown as bushes merely require slight trimming to keep them in shape. Propagate by means of layering in September, or strike cuttings of matured shoots with a "heel" in the open during that month.

Chionodoxa (Glory of the Snow). This bulbous plant requires similar treatment to that accorded to bulbs generally, and likes a shady position and sandy loam, but is very easy to grow and thrives almost anywhere. It makes an extremely valuable subject for the rock garden. In March and April it bears some 5 or 6 star-shaped blooms on stems from 6 to 9 inches high. The most popular species is C. Lucilice grandiflora. Culture. Plant in October 2\ inches deep and from 3 to 4 inches apart. Propagate by offsets in October, or raise from seed. The best blooms must never be expected if the bulbs are constantly disturbed. See also Bulbs. Species. C. Lucilice gigantea (Soft Mauve or Blue, and White, March, 9 in.); C. L. grandiflora (Lavender-blue [White Centre], March-April, 9 in.); C. L. sardensis (Deep Blue, March-April, 7 in.).

Chrysanthemum (Perennial Ox-Eye Daisy). Most of these are more suited to the mixed border than to the rock garden, but C. alpinum, which only grows about 5 inches high and in June and July carries white flowers; C. arcticum, 8 inches high with white flowers tinged with lilac in August and September; C. Catananchey which grows about 6 inches high and carries white flowers with a crimson base in June; and C. hispanicum, var. sulphureum which is self-descriptive, producing flowers 6 inches in height in June, are all nice plants for the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of cuttings or division of roots in March. They like a fairly sunny position and a somewhat moist, gritty soil.

Cbrysogonum virginianum (Golden Knee). A showy herbaceous perennial, somewhat like a sunflower. The star-shaped, golden-yellow flowers are borne all through the summer. It grows to a height of about 10 inches, and will be quite happy in a shady spot in the rock garden. This plant likes a rich, loamy soil and needs ample water in dry weather. Culture. Seed may be sown in the usual way in April, but it is better to propagate by means of division of roots in March or September.

Cistus (Rock Rose). These plants are beautiful free-flowering evergreen shrubs, mostly hardy in warm, sheltered sites, and in the milder southern localities. They grow from 2 to 5 feet in height, and bear very pretty flowers. These are usually white, rose, or purple and are spotted with a different colour, generally purple or yellow, at the base of each petal. Each flower, unfortunately, lasts only one day, but a succession of blooms keeps the bushes gay from June to August. They are commonly known as Rock Roses from the fact that the flowers resemble a large single rose. These plants make admirable subjects for the rock garden, and love the sun, doing well in dry, well-drained, sandy loam or in ordinary soil to which ample lime-rubble has been added. Culture. Do not prune, merely keep the shrubs in shape by "stopping" in March and by removing dead blooms. Propagate by means of layering in August, sow seed in April, or take cuttings of half-matured wood in August and strike in a shaded frame. Grow in pots till ready for planting out. Species and Hybrids. C. x corbariensis (White, June-Aug., 36 in.); C. crispus (Rose-purple flowers, June-July, 24 in.); C. xflorentinus (White, Summer, 20-24 in.); C. x Loretii (large White flowers, June-Aug., 24 in.); C. x lusitanicus (White [Blotched with Carmine], June-July, 36 in.); C. x purpureus (Purple-red [Blotched with Crimson], June-July, 36-48 in.); C. X Skanbergii (Pink flowers, June-Aug., 30 in.); and C. villosus (Purple-crimson flowers, June-July, 24-36 in.). All these plants are delightful.

Claytonia (Spring Beauty). This genus includes a number of dwarf-growing hardy perennial plants that may successfully be introduced into the rock or wild garden. They grow from 2 toll inches high, bear white, pink, or red blossoms in the spring, and thrive in the sun or semi-shade and in almost any non-calcareous soil, though a mixture of half loam and half leaf-mould is to be preferred.

Culture. Sow seed in March where the plants are to flower, or propagate by means of division of roots in spring or late summer. Species. C. Australasica (a carpet of White flowers, 2 in.); C. caroliniana (Pink flowers); and C. virginica (White flowers).

Codonopsis. These are beautiful perennials with twining stems and a strong odour. They may with advantage be grown in some wild dry place high-up in the rock garden. Their pretty creamy-white to pale blue flowers appear in summer, and hang like bells from a twining mass of greyish leaves and stems some 3 to 4 feet in length. They thrive in the sun and in ordinary garden loam. Culture. Seed may be sown as soon as ripe or in March under glass, or, perhaps, the best method of propagation is by means of division of roots in spring or autumn. Species. C. Bulleyana (Blue, June-July, 8 in.); C. clematidea (Blue-grey bells, June-July, 3 ft.); C. convolvulacea (Lavender-blue, June-July, 4 ft.); C. Meleagris (Blue-grey, June-July, 12 in.); C. ovata (Blue, June-July, 8 in.); C. vinciflora (Small Blue flowers on short stems, rising from the main stem, June-July.). Colchicum (Meadow Saffron or Autumn Crocus). Hardy bulbous-rooted plants with flowers very like those of the crocus, only much larger and standing erect. They look like wine-glasses of the most exquisite colouring. As with the bulbocodium, the leaves do not appear until the flowers have faded. The plants are poisonous and should not be planted where children are likely to get at them. They grow from 4 to 10 inches high, with the exception of C. luteum which flowers in spring they bloom in September and October, and are really delightful plants for the rock garden, in view of the late season of their bloom. Culture. Plant in full sun in July or August, 5 inches deep and 6 inches apart in moist, cool loam. Lift from the ground (triennially) in August to increase them. Species. C. autumnale (Lilac-rose, 6 in.); C. Bornmuelleri (Lilac-pink, 9 in.); C. byzantinum (Rosy-lilac, 8 in.); C. cilicicum (Pink, 7 in.); C. luteum (Pale Yellow, 4 in.); C. montanum (Lilac or White, 4 in.); C. speciosum (Crimson, with Purple or White Eye, 10 in.). There are now a number of hybrids on the market which are well worth a position in the rock garden, perhaps the best known are Fern-down Beauty (Claret); Lilac Wonder (Violet); Princess Astrid (Light Violet); Violet Queen (Purple).

Comarum palustre (Marsh Cinquefoil).

Conandron ramondioides. Beautiful little dwarf-growing semi-hardy plants of tufted habit, that will make a pretty show in a sheltered site in the rock garden. The violet or white flowers, in shape like those of the potato, are borne in summer on short stems rising from the glossy, bright green begonia-like foliage. The plants will thrive best in semi-shade and in a well-drained, sandy and peaty loam. Culture. Seed may be sown under glass as soon as ripe, or in March. Protect with glass in winter.

Convolvulus. A number of whose species have now entered the rock garden successfully, without the risk of killing their neighbours, and may be planted in some chink on a high sunny position where they may be protected during severe winters. Propagate from seed sown in the spring and plant out in early summer. Species. C. Cantabrica (Pink, June-Aug., 6 in.); C. Cneorum (Pinkish-white trailer, June-Sept., 18 in.); C. incanus (large carpet Whitish pink flowers, June-Sept., 3 in.).

Cornus (Cornel, Dogwood, Cornelian Cherry). These are free-flowering deciduous shrubs and trees, with beautiful green, silvery-grey, or golden leaves, and a bright red or yellow bark, which features make them very attractive in winter. To name only a few C. alba sibirica (7 ft. high) is one of the most striking in this connection, and has white flowers in early summer. It will make a nice shrub for the bog or marsh garden; so will C. stolonifera, var. flaviramea with clear Yellow stems; C. florida with white flowers and red stems; C. florida rubra with rose flowers or bracts; and C. Kousa with large white flowers or bracts. Two dwarf-growing species, C. canadensis (6 in.) and C. suecica (3-10 in.), are hardy herbaceous perennials, especially useful for carpeting under and amongst small shrubs in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass, or propagate by means of layering in October, or by suckers in November. Plant out in spring or early autumn in the shade, and preferably in a mixture of moist leaf-mould and peat, or in ordinary soil. When the branches are overcrowded thin out after flowering.

Cistus (Rock Rose)

Corokia. Pretty, half-hardy evergreen shrubs, that grow to about 6 feet in height, and in May bear fragrant yellow or white star-shaped flowers. They do best in a warm, sunny position and in ordinary soil, and are well worth cultivating in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in April or October, and prune only to keep in shape. To propagate, strike half-matured cuttings in a frame in August. Species. C. Cotoneaster (Yellow); and C. virgata (Yellow).

Coronilla (Crown Vetch). Most of these are half-hardy evergreen or deciduous shrubs, but some are herbaceous perennials, and amongst the dwarf-growing species of the latter class are some of the prettiest plants that can be found for a dry wall or for ledges and crevices in the rock garden. They like a well-drained, sandy loam. Culture. Sow seed in a frame in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in October. Plant out in March or October in a sheltered position in either sun or shade. Species. C. cappadocica [syn. C. iberica] (Cream-white, July-Aug., 4 in.); C. minima (Yellow, June-July, 3 in.); C. varia (Pink, Aug.-Sept., 12-18 in.).

Cortaderia (Pampas Grass). Cortaderia is a new name for Gynerium, a very beautiful perennial grass which throws up long, silky plumes in the late summer, and makes a very attractive addition to the bog or marsh garden. A sunny, sheltered position is desirable, also well-drained soil. It grows some 6-8 feet high, and flowers in autumn. Culture. Sow seed in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or May. C. argentea has creamy-white plumes; and in C. conspicua the plumes are silvery-white.

Cortusa Matthioli (Bear's Ear). These are beautiful dwarf-growing, rosette-like plants, closely allied to the Primula, which do best in partial shade and in rich, sandy loam and leaf-mould, where in May and June they may throw up their primula-like stems bearing flowers of lovely magenta. They are very valuable for the rock or wall garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October.

Corydalis (Fumitory). Pretty little hardy annual and perennial plants with prettily cut foliage that looks much too delicate to withstand the damp and cold of our climate. They may be planted in the dry wall, the paved garden, or the less prominent parts of the rock garden. These plants require shade and will do quite well in comparatively poor soil. Culture. The annuals are hardly worth growing, but may be raised from seed in the usual manner. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in October. Species. {Perennials) C. angustifolia (Pink, May-June, 8 in.); C. cava (bulbosa) (Purple and Rose, April-May, 12 in.); C. capnoides (Cream, May-Sept., 12 in.); C. cheilanthifolia (Yellow, May-June, 12 in.); C. lutea (Yellow, June-Sept., 6-12 in.).

Cotoneaster (Rockspray). This is a genus of hardy ornamental shrubs or small trees, most of which grow best in poor or chalky soil against a wall or trellis facing north or east. The species vary greatly in habit. Some grow as small trees; many kinds make erect bushes; others grow in long, arching shoots; while others again are prostrate and creeping by nature; the last-named class is valuable for the rock garden. C. adpressa is tight and neat in habit and its leaves assume a deep red in autumn. It is excellent for a small rock garden. C. congesta is also of a neat habit, its leaves being slightly larger than those of C. adpressa.

C. horizontalis and varieties, are shrubs, covered with red berries in the autumn upon large flattish branches. C. humifusa [syn. C. Dammeri] has larger leaves again, and is good for a fairly large garden. C. microphylla is a useful species; it grows well near the sea, in the shade, and under the drip of trees. C. thymifolia is of straggling habit, grows to a height of 18 inches, and bears pinkish flowers in April. Culture. Plant in March or October. No pruning is necessary, though certain species require thinning out after flowering. To propagate, sow seed in the open in March or September, take cuttings of hard wood in a frame in July or August, or layer in September or October.

Cotula. Hardy little trailing perennials with attractive fern-like foliage and tiny yellow composite flowers in summer. They thrive in sun or shade and in gritty loam in the chinks of a paved garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or October, and plant out in permanent position. C. pyrethrifolia and C. squalida are the best known.

Cotyledon (Pennywort). These are dwarf-growing succulent plants valuable for the rock or wall garden. They grow to about 12 inches high, bearing their cup-like, fleshy leaves in rosettes, and flowering in June. The cotyledons are happy in the sun and in dry, gritty loam, and sand, and may be propagated by means of seed sown under glass as soon as ripe or in March, by division of roots in spring, or by cuttings that have been dried in the sun for a few days before they are set in the soil. This is to dry up some of the sap in the succulent stems. See also Echeveria, and Umbilicus.

Crassula. A good plant for the Alpine House. It grows to a height of from 6 to 20 inches, and carries red, rose, or white flowers in summer or winter, according to species. The crassula grows well in a compost of f rds sandy loam and Jrd crushed brick and old mortar-rubble. Culture. Pot up in August or September. Keep fairly dry in winter {Temp. 45^o F. Winter to 65^o F. Summer). Water carefully, and keep the foliage dry while growing. These plants bloom well for several years. Propagate by means of cuttings in sand on a sunny shelf in the house in the summer, or by division in the spring. The cuttings should be dried in the sun for 2 or 3 days before insertion. C. sarcocaulis (Red, July-Sept., 12 in.) is a good species. See plants for the Alpine House. C. sarcocaulis is hardy in most parts of the British Isles; no other species is hardy.

Crocus. Besides those which bloom in the early spring (usually February), there are species and hybrids that flower in the autumn and winter. These less-known kinds, of which the violet-blue, September-flowering, C. speciosus, is one of the most lovely, are rather more delicate in shape and colouring and somewhat smaller. They are very lovely and should be much more popular than they are. These like a good light soil to which a little bonemeal has been added, and thrive in sun or shade and in a warm spot in the rock garden. Culture. Crocuses are increased by offsets after the foliage or "grass" has ripened, or by seed, the former being the usual method. Offsets are treated the same as old bulbs, and will bloom the second year. Seed should be sown as soon as ripe very thinly in well-drained pans of light, sandy loam, and placed in a sheltered situation out of doors until late autumn. During heavy rain and cold weather protect with a cold frame. They may remain in the same pans during summer, but should be lifted when the foliage dies down in autumn, being planted in beds of mellow loam in the reserve garden, 2 inches apart and 3 inches deep; here they will form strong bulbs during the third summer, and a few of them may flower, most of them, however, deferring to do so until the fourth spring. Crocuses are very accommodating in regard to the depth at which they are planted. From 2 to 3 inches deep and 4 inches apart is, perhaps, the best average; autumn-flowering species from July to August; spring-flowering species in September or October. Divide and replant every third year. Species. EARLY SPRING C. aureus (Golden Yellow); C. biflorus (White, veined Violet); C. chrysanthus (Rich Orange-yellow); C. Imperati (Lilac or Buff, and Black); C. Sieberi (Lilac-blue and Gold); C. Tomasinianus (Lavender and Orange); C. versicolor (White, feathered Purple); C. vernus and vars. (Various). AUTUMN C. asturicus (Purple); C. byzantinus [syn. C. iridiflorus] (Lavender); C. ochroleucus (Yellow); C. pulchellus (Lavender-blue and Orange Throat); C. sativus (Violet, Mauve, and Orange); C. speciosus (Violet-blue and Orange); C. zonatus (Lilac-pink with Orange Throat). NAMED VARIETIES. Pallas (White and Blue); White Lady (White); Mammoth (Yellow); Whitewell Purple (Lilac-pink); Striped Beauty (Purple, veined White); and Yellow Hammer (Yellow). All grow to a height of about 4 inches.

Crucianella stylosa. A dwarf-growing rock plant, which is sometimes used for filling a gap in the paved garden. It spreads rapidly, grows about 5 inches high, and from May to September carries clusters of small, rose-coloured flowers. A sunny position is desirable, also a gritty loam. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division in March or October. This plant must be kept in check, or it will spread overmuch and, perhaps, smother choicer specimens.

Cryptogramma crispa (Mountain Parsley Fern). A hardy evergreen fern, growing some 5 inches high and thriving in partial shade or sun and in dry, sandy loam, peat and leaf-mould. This fern is a very effective plant for more or less shaded positions in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of division in April. See also Ferns.

Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese Cedar). These are handsome evergreen trees, which do best in deep, sandy loam and in a sheltered, sunny situation. C. japonica nana, C. j. spiralis, and C. j. Vilmoriniana are dwarf species that may be grown in the rock garden. Culture -Plant from September to November. No pruning is required. To propagate its dwarf forms strike cuttings in August in sand under hand-lights.

Cupressus (Cypress) many of which are now under the family name of Chamcecyparis. This is a genus of quick-growing conifers, which thrive in sunny, sheltered positions and in almost any soil. C. Lawsoniana argentea compact a, C. L. glauca, C. L. nana, C. pisifera, vars. compacta variegata, C. p. plumosa aurea, C. p. squarrosa sulphurea, C. obtusa, var. tetragona aurea, C. obtusa nana, and C. thyoides, var. ericoides are dwarf-growing forms. Culture. Plant in April or Sept. No pruning is required, except in the case of hedge-plants. Most varieties are propagated by cuttings in a frame in August or September; species, however, are best raised from seed in March.

Cyananthus. These are useful little perennial trailing plants of rather tufted habit, which thrive in shady positions in the higher and drier parts of the rock garden and in moist, sandy loam, and peat. Masses of lovely light blue and purple-blue, bell-like flowers are borne on 3- to 6-inch stems in June, July, and August. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn. Species. C. incanus (Light Blue, and Yellow forms, 3 in.); C. integer (Violet Blue, 3 in.); C. lobatus (the best known Violet Blue, 6 in.); C. lobatus, var. insignis (Light Blue, 6 in.); C. lobatus, var. Farreri (Violet Blue, 4 in.); C. Sheriffii (China Blue flowers on downy foliage, 3 in.).

Cyclamen (Sowbread). A genus of autumn- and spring-blooming, tuberous-rooted plants, with pretty, rounded, dark-green foliage, usually marbled with white. From amongst this foliage appear short, slender stems at the end of which hang the daintiest of crimson, pink, and white star-shaped flowers with all the points of the petals curved sharply backwards. Some of the hardy, dwarf-growing species are extremely attractive and invaluable for cultivation in the rock garden. C. count (3 in.), with purple-red or white flowers and dark green, rounded leaves, blooms in January or February. It is very hardy and excellent for naturalizing on a shady bank of grass. C. ibericum, the other well-known spring-flowering kind, also grows to a height of 3 inches, and bears crimson and purple, or crimson and white, flowers in March. The autumn-flowering species are represented by C. europceum (3 in.) with fragrant crimson blossoms in July and August, and C. neapolitanum, whose large flowers are pink with a purple throat, or pure white, and are borne, in August and September when the foliage appears, on stems 6 inches high. C. repandum, another excellent species, has rose-crimson flowers in May. It is not quite so hardy as the others. Culture. Plant in August, 1 inch deep so that the soil only just covers the tuber, and 2 inches apart, in a shady position and in well-drained, porous, light sandy loam mixed with peat or leaf-mould and ample old mortar-rubble. Protect with fibre in winter, and top-dress annually with leaf-mould and well-rotted manure. Propagate by means of seed in gentle heat in spring, and do not plant the young corms in their permanent positions until of moderate size.

Cydonia [syn. Chcenomeles'] (Quince). This genus includes hardy deciduous flowering trees and shrubs of spreading habit. They grow well in sunny positions and in ordinary soil, making exceedingly attractive subjects for a large rock garden. C. japonica, of which there are varieties with flowers of many shades of white, yellow, pink, or red, is often known as "japonica." When grown as a bush, it will reach a height of from 6 to 9 feet and will flower from March to June. Given the shelter of a south wall, it will often bloom as early as the end of January. C. lagenaria atrosanguinea is an upright shrub carrying blood-red flowers in profusion. A tree of dwarfed growth is C. Maulei, which rarely exceeds 4 feet in height. The flowers appear in March and are crimson, scarlet, orange, pink, or white. Culture. Plant in October or November. Cut out old wood and shorten side-shoots in June, and prune again in winter. Propagate by means of layering, by suckers, or by taking cuttings in October,

Cynoglossum (Hound's Tongue). This genus, whose leaves resemble the tongue of a dog, includes one or two useful annuals, biennials, and perennials, that will thrive in a rather poor soil. They bear deep blue, forget-me-not-like flowers from June to August. For use in the rock garden, we are only interested in C. Wallichii, now known as Eritrichium strict um; a beautiful little hardy perennial with blue flowers in July, on stems 10 inches high. It makes an invaluable addition to any rock garden. Culture. Sow seeds in April or September where they are to flower in the open, and thin out when fit to handle.

Cyperus longus (Nut Grass, Galingale). This belongs to a large genus of grasses or sedges, that thrive in the marsh or water garden. They like a sunny site in marshy soil at the edge of still water, and grow some 2 feet high, flowering in July and August. Culture. Propagate by means of seeds, or by division of roots in March, and plant with up to 6 inches of water above the crowns.

Cypripedium (Lady's Slipper). A genus containing hardy orchids, which thrive in semi-shade and in a compost of moist, sandy peat, or moist loam and leaf-mould. They make very choice subjects for a sheltered spot in the rock garden, and are easily propagated by means of division of roots in April or September. C. reginae [syn. spectabile] (20 in.), with pink and white flowers in June and July, is a useful little plant for the bog or marsh garden. It is best planted in masses on a fairly moist bank. Other Species. C. acaule (Rose and Purple, May-June, 6 in.); C. Calceolus (Brown and Yellow, May and June, 15 in.); C.japonicum (Pink, White, Green, June, 6-12 in.); C. macranthum (Rosy-purple, May-July, 9-12 in.); C. montanum (Brown, Red, White, May-July, 10 in.); C. pubescens (Creamy Pink, May-June, 12 in.).

Cystopteris (Bladder Fern). This is a genus of hardy deciduous ferns growing from 5 to 20 inches high and thriving in the shade in a compost of dry, sandy loam, leaf-mould, and old mortar-rubble. They make very decorative subjects for the rock garden. Culture. Plant in March or April. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or April, or sow spores under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Cytisus (Broom). This genus includes some very lovely shrubs, which are mostly hardy and deciduous, and thrive in a light ordinary soil, and in a dry, sunny position. The species and hybrids C. Ardoinii (Deep Yellow), C. x Beanii (Golden Yellow), C. decumbens (Yellow), C. kewensis (Creamy-white), C. nigricans (Yellow), and C. purpureus (Rose-purple), flowering in May and June, are all dwarf or trailing in habit and bear spikes of pea-like flowers. They are exceptionally suitable for planting on ledges in the rock garden. They flower on the previous year's growth. Culture. Cut back all branches by at least a third, and plant in October. After planting tread the soil well round the plants. Small plants give little trouble. Except when quite young, the cytisuses should only be trimmed to keep them in shape, for new shoots do not "break" easily from the old wood. Pruning must, therefore, be systematic and regular, so that it is not often necessary to cut into old wood. These spring-blooming varieties should be trimmed and pruned directly after flowering. Cytisus varieties are usually propagated by means of cuttings in August. Young plants need occasional "stopping-back." The genista is allied to the cytisus.

Daboecia (Irish Heath). The daboecia is a group of low-growing, hardy evergreen shrubs, rather straggling in habit, which grow to a height of 6 or 18 inches, and bear red, purple or white flowers abundantly from May to October. They are native of Ireland, and thrive in partial shade and in dryish sandy peat or leaf-mould, and loam with no lime in it. The daboecia is a most valuable shrub for the rock garden. Culture. Plant out, with the soil well up to the foliage, in March or October, and cut off dead blooms in October. To propagate, strike cuttings in a frame in July or August, layer in September, or sow seed. Species. D. azorica(Red); D. cantabrica [syn. D.polifoliaalba] (White); D. c. atropurpurea (Mauve-crimson); D. c. bicolor (Purple and White).

Daffodils (Narcissus Family). No spring flower is fairer or more graceful than the daffodil or narcissus. Technically speaking, the terms daffodil and narcissus are synonymous, for daffodil is merely the English for narcissus. The term daffodil, however, is popularly applied to those types of narcissi with long, trumpet-like corollas. The term narcissi, which really includes the whole genus, being reserved for those kinds with short cup-shaped corollas. For cultural details, see Narcissus.

Daphne. These are beautiful dwarf-growing deciduous and evergreen shrubs, remarkable for their fragrant, waxy flowers, and for their bright red poisonous berries. They are not easy to cultivate, but so fragrant and beautiful are the flowers that they are well worth considerable trouble. D. Mezereum (Purple, Rose, or White, March, 3 ft.), which is usually propagated by means of seed, is the best known of the hardy deciduous species. It thrives in ordinary garden loam, but needs shade from the hot sun. If trimming is necessary, it should be done in May. For the rock garden none are better than D. alpina (White, May, \\ ft.); D. Blagayana (Ivory, May, -ft.); and most lovely and fragrant of all the Garland Flowers, D. Cneorum (Purple-pink, May-June, 1 ft.). They thrive in partial shade and in sandy loam and peat or leaf-mould. Other Species. D. retusa (White scented flowers, May-June, 15 in.); D. Somerset of catalogues is one of the best hybrids with sweet scented Pink flowers (May-June, 30 in.); D. Tangutica (Lilac Pink, May-June, 2-3 ft.). Culture. Plant in March or October. No pruning is necessary. Propagate by layering in August, or by grafting in May. Indoor Culture. D. arbuscula (Pink, May-June, 6 in.) and D. petrcea [syn. D. rupestris] (Waxy Pink, April and May, 3-4 in.) are very small and useful species for cultivation in the Alpine House. Plant in a 4-5 inch shallow pan in February in a compost of 2 parts of loam to 1 part of peat and sand, with a little lime in it. (See Alpine House.) Plunge the pans in ashes in a cool, shady position out of doors from June to September. Give water in moderation, but keep on the dry side during winter. Move into the house in September. Propagate by means of cuttings of side shoots under glass in October or November, by layering in March, or by grafting in April.

Delphinium. This is a genus comprised mainly of tall herbaceous plants. There are a number, however, worthy of a place in the rock garden. They do best in good rich loam, and in a situation where they will be exposed to the sun. Culture. Plant out in March or in September. Propagate by sowing seed in March, or by division of roots in spring or autumn. Species. D. Brunonianum 150

Dianthus

(Light Blue and Violet, July-Aug., 18 in.); D. cashmerianum (Dark Violet, July-Aug., 18 in.); D. macrocentron (China Blue, Sept.-Oct, 48 in.); D. nudicaule (Brick-red, June-Aug., 12 in.); D. Pylzowii (Dark Blue, Autumn, 12-36 in.); D. tatsienense (Blue, Summer, 12-15 in.).

Deutzia. A genus of very lovely hardy deciduous shrubs with clusters of pretty snowdrop-like flowers (single or double) in May and June. They grow well in a sheltered, partially-shaded position and in rich, well-drained ordinary soil.

To name just a few the following species D. discolor (3-5 ft.) with white or pink flowers; D. gracilis (2-3 ft.) with white single flowers; D. scabra and D. scabrafl. pi. (6-8 ft.) with white and double pink flowers respectively; and D. Wilsonii (3 ft.) with white flowers, all make most attractive plants for the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October, mulch annually in the spring, and after flowering thin out well and cut away any weak and old wood. To propagate, strike cuttings of soft wood in June in a frame with bottom heat. All flower in May and June.

Dianthus. A beautiful and extensive genus from which a large proportion of very colourful rock plants are derived and which are. comparatively easy to grow, the genera embraces the Carnation, Picotee, Pink, and Sweet William. Of these, however, the Dianthus and its many species and hybrids are the only section that we propose describing a few from. With these the rock gardener may commence.

New varieties may be obtained from seed sown from April to September, and the older sturdier ones may be increased by means of cuttings struck in pots of sandy loam and leaf-mould in June and July, or by splitting the old plants up in spring and replanting where required.

Dianthus (Pinks) For The Rock Garden

Dicentra (Dielytra or Bleeding Heart). These are beautiful hardy perennials, which thrive in a sheltered, sunny site, and love a light, dry soil with ample leaf-mould in it. They produce masses of fern-like foliage, above which rise long, tapering stems from which hang the most charming little heart-shaped flowers of exquisite colour. For the rock garden the most suitable species are: D. canadensis (5 in.) with white flowers; D. chrysantha (18-24 in.) with yellow flowers; D. Cucullaria (5 in.) with creamy-white flowers; D. eximia (15 in.) with purple flowers; and D.formosa (12-20 in.) with red flowers. All these flower in May and June. Although hardy, they require a certain amount of protection in winter, and if D. spectabilis (24 in.), with its beautiful red or white blooms, which appear in June and July, is grown, as it sometimes is, in the rock garden, it is safer to winter it in a cold frame. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April or September, and plant out.

Digitalis (Foxglove). This is a beautiful biennial and perennial which practically everyone has seen in the hedgerows and lanes in our countryside. It makes a useful addition to the drier sections of the bog garden, or close to the shrubs at the edge of the rock garden, for they are fond of partial shade and a rich, leafy, and loamy soil. The plants are easily produced from seed in much the same way as one produces the wallflower. They flower in various colours from June to August and grow from 15 to 30 inches in height. Species. D. dubia (Pinkish Purple); D. ferruginea (Brick-red); D. laevigata (Yellow); D. Mariana (Pink with White lips); and D. purpurea (Various colours).

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca (Cape Daisy or Star of the Veldt). A beautiful half-hardy annual that grows to a height of about 12 inches and bears a profusion of orange-yellow star-shaped flowers from July to September. There are also several hybrid varieties arising from D. aurantiaca and D. annua [syn. Calendula pluvialis], these are salmon, pale yellow, and rosy-cream in colour. They like a sunny position and a light soil, and are extremely useful subjects for inclusion in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in May in a sunny position and in light soil, or sow in March under glass, i-inch deep in boxes in a compost of sandy loam, and plant out early in June about 6 inches apart.

Dodecatheon. This is the American Cowslip, which thrives well in a cool, moist, shady site in the rock or marsh garden a*nd in rich, deep, non-calcareous loam. The thick, leathery leaves grow in clumps like those of a primrose, and on the end of the stems appear umbels of beautiful cyclamen-like flowers. Culture. Sow seed under glass in March, or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or September. Species. D. Hendersonii (Rose, May, 6-12 in.); D. integrifolium (Lilac-purple, May-June, 12 in); D. Jeffreyi (Purple-rose, June-July, 18 in.); D. Meadia gigantea (Lilac, Rose, and White, May-June, 12-18 in.); and D. salinum (Lilac-purple, May-June, 6 in.).

Dog's Tooth Violet (Erythronium). The Dog's Tooth Violet, or Adder's Tongue, as it is sometimes called, is a pretty bulbous plant with beautiful spotted leaves and delicate pendulous cyclamen-like blooms on stems from 6 to 12 inches high. It does well in any light soil, and is remarkably effective in the rock garden, where it flowers during April and May. Culture. Plant in September 4 to 6 inches deep and 4 inches apart, in partial shade, in moist, well-drained, sandy loam and ample leaf-mould or peat. Surround the tubers with about an inch of silver sand, and do not lift more often than necessary, but mulch annually with well-rotted manure and leaf-mould. Propagate by means of seed in a frame in August. Thin out but do not plant the seedlings out until the third September after sowing. The plants are also increased by offsets. Species and Varieties. E. californicum (Cream and Yellow); E. citrinum (Yellow); E. Dens-canis (White to Rose); E. Hartwegii (Creamy-white); E. revolutum (Pink).

Douglasia. These are very effective dwarf-growing rock plants and also suitable for the Alpine House. They thrive in moist, gritty loam, growing about 3 inches high and flowering in June. They are of rather trailing habit and the foliage feels soft and silky to the touch. D. Icevigata (Pink); D. montana (Rose Pink); and D. Vitaliana (Yellow) are the best species. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe pr in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or September, and plant out in semi-shade.

Draba. These dwarf-growing plants, also known as Whitlow Grass, are extremely useful for crevices in the rock or paved garden, for walls, and for the moraine or Alpine House. They grow in little bright green rosettes which form a compact mat that is studded from March to May with tiny flowers. The drabas thrive in a moderately sunny spot, and love a well-drained gritty loam. D. Aizoon is worthy of cultivation in the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March or April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. D. Aizoon (Bright Yellow); D. Dedeana (White); D. imbricata (Yellow, Alpine House); D. Mollissima (Golden Yellow, Alpine House); D. polytricha (Golden Yellow, Alpine House); D. pyrenaica (Pale Mauve-pink); D. rigida (Golden Yellow, Alpine House). All flower from March to May, and grow to about 3 inches in height.

Dracocephalum (Dragon's Head). These hardy perennials, which bear blue onosma-like flowers, are well worthy of inclusion in either shady or sunny positions in the rock garden. They do best in a light soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October. Cuttings may also be taken in April and struck in sandy soil in a frame. Species. D. grandiflorum (15 in.); D. Isabella (6-8 in.); and D. Ruyschianum (15 in.). All flower in summer and are violet-blue in colour.

Drosera (Sundew or Youthwort). The foliage of these curious dwarf-growing plants is covered with glandular hairs, which cause it to look as if it were covered with dew. The leaves contract on contact, and thus entrap insects which settle on them. Droseras love a warm, sheltered position in the bog or marsh garden. They grow some 3 to 6 inches high and flower about midsummer. D. rotundifolia (White) is an attractive species, and does well in the Alpine House. Propagate by means of seed sown under glass as soon as ripe, or by means of division of roots in March. Species. D. intermedia (White).

Dryas (Mountain Avens). Pretty evergreen hardy perennials of trailing habit, liking sun or partial shade and a cool gritty loam with lime and leaf-mould in it. They grow about 3 inches high, flower in the summer, and are excellent subjects for carpeting and for planting on ledges in the rock garden, for they are lovely in winter as well as in summer. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in April, take cuttings 2 inches long and strike in sandy soil in March or September. Plant out in permanent position in spring or early autumn.

They require no protection in winter. D. octopetala, which in June and July has large, white, strawberry-like flowers on stems 3 inches high, is the best known, and is a fascinating little plant for carpeting in the paved or rock garden. Other good species are D. Drummondii, with golden-yellow flowers in June and July, and D. x Sundermannii, with creamy-white flowers in July and August.

Dryopteris. See Ferns.

Echeveria. This genus comprises pretty little half-hardy, dwarf-growing, rosette-shaped plants with thick, fleshy, steely-blue leaves. They bear red and yellow flowers arranged like bells along a tall stem, and love warm, sunny, sheltered positions, but must be brought indoors in October. Culture. Pot-up in March in 4- to 5-inch pots in a compost of loam, leaf-mould and mortar-rubble. (Temp. 45^o F. Winter to 65^o F. Summer.) Place in a sunny position and water well while growing, but keep fairly dry in winter. Propagate by means of offsets growing from the base of the plant; these are easily detached and rooted in any good light soil. See also Cotyledon, in which genus these plants are now usually included.

Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum). Contrary to the popular opinion, the Edelweiss is neither rare nor difficult to grow. In Switzerland it is found almost everywhere, on the mountain peaks and in the valleys below. In most gardens this hardy perennial is easily grown, especially if it can have a sunny, dry position, and well-drained, poor, sandy loam to which has been added ample old mortar-rubble. The woolly, cream-white, star-shaped flowers are borne from June to September on stems 6 inches high. The edelweiss is a quaint subject for growing on walls, in the paved garden and in crevices, or on the moraine in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant out in permanent position. As it cannot stand too much damp, in winter the plant should be covered by a hand-light or a sheet of glass.

Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth). For culture see Pontederia.

Empetrum nigrum (Crowberry). This is a heath-like, dwarf-growing shrub indigenous to all alpine regions and, given conditions similar to those obtaining in these parts, easy to grow. The beautiful purple and pink flowers appear in early summer and in the autumn these are followed by showy black berries.

Enkianthus. Beautiful flowering shrubs, natives of China and Japan, which like a sunny, sheltered position and deep, moist peat or non-calcareous sandy loam and leaf-mould. The bell-shaped flowers are borne on short stems that radiate horizontally and in rings from the main branches. In autumn the foliage becomes a gorgeous red (in E. japonicus, white). They should certainly be planted in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in October; no pruning is necessary. To propagate, strike cuttings of mature shoots in October in a frame. Species. E. campanulatus (Cream, Yellow, and Red, May, 4-8 ft.); E. himalaicus (Orange-red, May-June, 10-15 ft.); E. japonicus (White, March, 4-8 ft.).

Eomecon chionanthum (The Dawn Poppy). Requires a warm sheltered corner of the rock garden where it will send up on foot-high stems creamy-white flowers in May and June. May be grown from seed sown in early Spring, and planted out in September.

Epigaea repens. The American Ground Ivy is an ericaceous creeper with pearly white flowers in May. It may be grown in a moist sandy-peat corner of the rock garden. It is best propagated by division in Spring.

Epilobium (The Willow Herb). Hardy herbaceous perennials, the dwarf-growing species of which are especially valuable for the rock garden, and the marsh or water garden, where they will sow themselves in their thousands. They do well in sun or shade on moist banks by the water-side in ordinary soil, but prefer a gritty loam with some peat in it. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or November, and plant out in permanent position. Species. E. Dodonm (Red, June-Sept., 1-3 ft.); and E. obcotdatum (Rosy-purple, Aug.-Oct., 6 in.).

Epimedium (Barrenwort). These pretty dwarf-growing perennials thrive in sun or shade and in sandy loam with a little leaf-mould or peat added. Although the flowers are very beautiful, these plants are especially valuable because of the beauty of their foliage, which is tinted in spring and autumn. They make exceptionally valuable subjects for growing on ledges and rough places in the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in August. Plant out in permanent position in spring or early autumn. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. E. alpinum (Yellow and Crimson, April-July, 9 in.); E. Musschianum (White, May, 9 in.); E.xrubrum (Rose, April-May, 10 in.).

Eranthis (Aconite). The Eranthis or Winter Aconite is a bright little tuberous-rooted perennial with golden buttercup-like flowers surrounded by a fringe of green. It likes a shady position and moist, sandy loam and leaf-mould. The eranthis grows about 4 inches high, and flowers in January and February. It is a very useful perennial for cultivation in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October 2 inches apart and 2 inches deep. Do not lift from the ground. Propagation is carried out by means of division of roots in October.This plant also seeds itself freely. Species and Hybrids. E. cilicica (Yellow); E. x Tubergeni (Deep Yellow); and E. hyemalis (Yellow). All flower from January to February and grow about 4 inches high.

Erica. An important genus of hardy and half-hardy evergreen flowering shrubs, often known as Heath or Heather. The hardy dwarfer species are very pleasing when grown as edgings or on slopes in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October not too firmly and with the soil well up to the foliage. They should be given a sunny or semi-shaded position in well-drained sand and peat, or in any light garden loam without lime (most vars.). Do not prune, but keep the bushes in shape by removing dead blooms from the spring-flowering species in June, from the summer and autumn-bloomers in March, and from winter-flowerers in April. This removal of all shoots that have flowered is essential to the health of the plants. However carefully trimmed, the plants become straggly after five or six years and should then be removed, being replaced by younger and smaller specimens. To propagate, in July strike cuttings of half-matured wood in a frame, sow seed in the open in March, divide the roots in autumn, or layer in autumn. Species. E. carnea (Carmine-crimson and White, Nov.-April, 1/2-1 ft.); E. cinerea [Bell or Scotch Heather] (Purple, Sept., f ft.); E. c. alba (White, Sept., f ft.); E. c. pallida (Very Pale Pink, Sept., f ft.); E. lusitanica (White, Jan.-April, 3/4 ft.); E. mediterranea (Lilac-rose, March-May, 2-3 ft.); E. m. alba (White, March-May, 2 ft.); E. Tetralix [Cross-leaved Heath] (Pink, May-June, 1 ft.); E. vagans (Cornish Heath) (Pink, June, 9 in.). There are now numerous named varieties of all the foregoing on the market and it would require a Heath Garden to accommodate them. Readers should consult a grower's catalogue. See also Calluna and Daboecia.

Erigeron (Fleabane). The erigerons are easily-grown summer-flowering plants with daisy-like blossoms on stems from 4 to 40 inches high, according to species, and most useful for cutting. They are closely related to the Michaelmas Daisies, but have a tendency to be much more trailing in habit. The species grown are hardy herbaceous perennials, which thrive in sunny situations and in ordinary soil. The dwarf-growing species, E. alpinus (Purple, July, 6 in.) and E. aurantiacus (Orange, July-Aug., 6-12 in.) are excellent subjects for the rock garden; E. compositus (Light Blue, May-Sept., 3 in.); E. leiomerus (Violet Blue, May-June, 4 in.); E. mucronatus (this plant was known as Vittadinia triloba) (White and Pink, Summer, 8 in.); and E. trifidus (Pale Lavender, May-June, 3 in.) are exceptionally effective when grown on walls. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October, and plant out in permanent position.

Erinacea pungens [syn. AnthyHis Erinaced] (Hedgehog Broom). These beautiful little shrubs, which in April carry pale purple-blue, pea-shaped flowers on spiny, almost leaflless bushes, are of the Broom family and natives of Spain. They love a hot dry situation. Strike cuttings in October or sow seeds in spring.

Erinus (Summer Starwort). A very pretty hardy and evergreen plant, which is useful for filling in spaces between rocks, and for the crevices in paving or old walls, where it forms clumps and sends up masses of nodding flower stems throughout the summer. It spreads rapidly, grows about 4 inches high, doing well in sun or shade and in sandy loam and old mortar-rubble. Culture. Sow seed under glass in March and plant out in spring or early autumn, or divide the roots in autumn. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. E. alpinus (Lilac-rose and White); E. a. carmineus (Carmine). Hybrids. E. a. Dr. Hanele (Carmine, May-June, 4 in.); and E. a. Mrs. Chas. Boyle (Brilliant Rose, May-June, 6 in.).

Eriogonum. These are pretty little trailing plants with silvery foliage and yellow flowers in August. They like a sunny position and a well-drained, gritty loam, and are very useful in the wall garden. Seed may be sown under glass in March, or division of roots may be carried out in spring or autumn. Species. E. flavum (Yellow, July-Aug., 7-9 in.); E. ovalifolium (Yellow, June-Aug., 7 in.); E. subalpinum (Creamy-yellow, July-Aug., 6 in.).

Eritrichium. Beautiful hardy alpines of the forget-me-not family, that grow best in sheltered, sunny places on the moraine and in a cool compost of gritty loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand mixed with sandstone, but which are very difficult to grow in England, even on the moraine. They will probably be happier in the Alpine House. Above all, keep moisture away from the crowns in winter. Propagation is by means of division of roots in April, or by seed. They need protection from frost and damp in winter, and must be kept just nicely moist in summer. E. nanum is a dazzling sky-blue flower with a yellow centre and woolly, silvery-grey leaves arranged in a tuft like a pincushion. The flowers are borne on 2-inch stems in May. A taller growing variety sometimes placed in catalogues under Cynoglossum Wallichii, is in fact Eritrichium rupestre (Pale Blue forget-me-not colour, about 6 in.).

Erodium (Heron's Bill). These are perennials of the geranium family, which do well in sandy loam and in dry, warm, sheltered situations on rocky ledges or walls, or on the moraine in the rock garden. Some are hardy, but many are only half-hardy. In many species the fern-like leaves are silvery and fragrant and add to the interest of the plant. E. absinthoides and E. amanum (White and Rose, May-July, 6 in.); and E. chrysanthum (Yellow, June-Aug., 5 in.); are valuable as subjects for culture in the Alpine House, see list. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in July and strike in sandy soil in a frame, or propagate by means of division of roots in April and plant out in permanent position. Other Species. E. chanuedryoides (White, veined Pink, May-Sept., 3 in.), which is also useful in the paved garden; E. corsicum (Rose-pink, July and Aug., 3-5 in.); E. macradenum (White, tinged Rose and blotched Violet, June-Oct., 6 in.); E. romanum (Clear Pink, April-May, 5 in.); and E. Manescavi (Red-purple, May-Oct., 10-15 in.).

Eryngium. A large genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the Thistle family from which one or two are suitable for the larger rock garden or wild garden. Propagated from seed, sown in spring in the nursery, then planted out a little later in the year. They have steel-blue foliage, and those most suitable grow from 9 to 18 inches high and flower in the autumn. Species. E. amethys-tinwn (Lavender-blue); E. alpinum (Blue); and E. serbicum (Blue).

Erysimum (Fairy Wallflower, Hedge Mustard). A genus of free-flowering and exceedingly showy plants very like the wallflower in habit of growth. It includes hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials all excellent for sunny positions in the rock garden and loving a gritty and sandy loam. Culture. All species may be easily raised from seed sown in the open in April or May. Thin annuals out to 12 inches apart when fit to handle, and plant out others in their permanent positions in October. The perennial species are also propagated by division of roots in March. E. Perofsfyianum, a hardy annual 12 to 18 inches high and with small but showy orange flowers from July to October, is one of the best known. E. pulchellum [syn. rupestre] (9 in.) with sulphur yellow flowers in spring and early summer, and E. linifolium (6 in.) with lavender flowers from May to September, make most excellent additions to any rock garden. Other Species. E. asperum (Orange Yellow, May-June, 12in.); andE. capitatum (Creamy-white, April-May, 9 in.).

Erythraea diffusa [syn. Centaurium scilloides]. These are dwarf-growing plants that are worthy of inclusion in the paved garden. They like a sunny site and a gritty loam, and grow about 3 inches high. The rose-coloured flowers are borne in summer over dense little clumps of glistening green leaves. Seed should be sown under glass as, soon as ripe or in March.

Erythronium. See Dog's Tooth Violet.

Eschscholzia (Californian Poppy). A showy and profusely flowering class of hardy annuals with fern-like foliage and poppy-like flowers. They are remarkable for their extremly rich and beautiful colouring and thrive in hot, sunny situations and in poor, light soil. The dwarf-growing species, such as E. tenuifolia, otherwise known as Californica ccespitosa, with rich yellow flowers, makes a welcome addition to the rock garden. The glaucous foliage is erect and grows in tufts some 6-9 inches in height. Culture. Sow seed thinly in the open from March to June or in the autumn, and thin out to 6 inches apart when the seedlings are fit to handle; the autumn-sown plants bloom in the early summer; the spring-sown from June to October.

Euphorbia (Spurge). A large genus, including annuals, biennials, and perennials. Many of them are stove and greenhouse plants. The hardy perennials are the only ones that interest us here. E. epithymoides, 15 inches high, with yellow blooms; and E. myrsinites, 6 inches, with glaucous foliage and yellow flowers, are subjects for ledges in the rock garden and like a well-drained, gritty loam and full sun. E. palustris (Marsh Spurge), 3 feet, may be grown in the drier parts of the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in July and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or September.

Evening Primrose. See CEnothera.

Fabiana (False Heath). These are half-hardy evergreen summer-flowering shrubs, suitable for warm and sheltered positions. They do best in a sandy loam with some peat in it. The best known species, F. imbricata, is sometimes grown in the rock garden. It attains a height of some 5 feet, and in summer carries white, tubular flowers on spikes some 10 inches long. In northern counties it will need the protection of the cool house. Propagate in April or May by means of cuttings of young shoots in a warm frame, or sow seed in heat in March.

Ferns. Hardy ferns thrive in sheltered and shady positions. They should be given a moist but well-drained deep loam with plenty of leaf-mould, peat, and coarse sand in it. They are excellent subjects for the rock garden. Dead fronds should be left to act as a protection in winter. Half-hardy kinds require slight artificial heat in winter, and tender ferns a temperature of 60 F. See chapter on Ferns. Species. {Hardy) Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern); Asplenium officinarum (Spleenwort); Athyrium filix-fcemina (Lady Fern); Blechnum [syn. Lomarid] (Hard Fern); Nephrodium dilatatum (Broad Buckler Fern); Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern); Polypodium vulgare (Polypody); and Polystichum [syn. Aspidiuni] aculeatum (Hard Shield Fern); P. [syn. Aspidium] angulare (Soft Shield Fern).

Forget-me-not (Myosotis). There are many species of this plant: some are annual; others are perennial, many of the latter being grown as biennials. They all thrive in the sun and in moist, gritty loam, and are extremly useful subjects for the rock garden. M. rupicola, a dwarfer species of M. alpestris, only grows about 3 inches high, and likes a position on the moraine. M. azorica, a half-hardy plant some 9 inches in height with violet blue flowers in June, may only be safely grown in the Alpine House. M. ccespitosa Rehsteineri is suitable for the paved garden, and M. scorpioides is a valuable species for growing at the margin of still or slowly-moving water. Culture. {Annuals) Sow seed thinly from June to July in the open, cover very lightly with mould, and thin out to 5 inches apart when fit to handle. {Perennials) Sow seed in the open from April to July or propagate by means of division of roots in October and plant out about 5 inches apart.

Species. M. pyrenaica (Blue, Pink, and White, June-Aug., 6 in.); M. ccespitosa Rehsteineri (Blue, April-May, 2 in.); M. dissitiflora (Light Blue, April-June, 6-9 in.); M. scorpioides [syn. M. palustris] semperflorens (Sky-blue and Yellow, May-Sept., 6-9 in.).

Frankenia laevis and F. thymifolia (Sea Heath). Hardy evergreen plants of dwarf habit, that are useful for the paved or rock garden. They grow from 1 to 3 inches high and flower from June to August. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by division of roots in the spring. They like plenty of sun and a gritty loam to which a little peat has been added.

Fritillaria. These are attractive hardy bulbous plants with pendant, bell-shaped flowers. They will succeed in any garden soil, although a dry, deep and rich sandy loam gives the most satisfactory results, except in the case of F. Meleagris, which thrives on damp banks in the marsh or bog garden. The dwarf-growing species are excellent subjects for shady positions in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October, 4 inches deep and 7 inches apart, and do not lift from the ground unless overcrowded; when necessary lift and re-plant immediately. Propagate by means of bulbous offsets in October. Species. F. aurea [syn. F. lutea or F. latifolia] (Golden Yellow, 4-8 in.); F. camschatcensis (Dark Wine-purple, 12 in.); F. libanotica (Lilac and Yellow, 15 in.); F. Meleagris (Purple or White, 10 in.); F. pluriflora (Rosy Purple, 6-8 in.); F. pudica (Dark Yellow, 4-8 in.); F. pyrenaica (Brownish-purple, 12-18 in.); F. recurva (Red outside, Orange inside, 12 in.). All flower in April and May.

Fuchsia. Few flowers are more pleasing either in form or colour than the fuchsias. The plants have a grace and beauty peculiar to themselves. In addition to the many species so often met with in the greenhouse, there are hardy kinds that will thrive outdoors, even through severe winters. A great many that are looked upon as tender can stand a winter in the open if they are covered with 3 or 4 inches of dry cinder ashes at the first approach of frost. The best plan, in exposed positions, is to cut them right down in November and to cover the whole bed with a good coating of ashes or fibre. The ashes should not be removed until the fuchsias begin to shoot in the spring. If the bushes have not been cut down to the ground in winter, the dead ends should be trimmed off in March. Hardy fuchsias make a good show in late summer in mild districts, when several kinds are planted together, the colours being judiciously blended. They are also useful if used to form a hedge, and make effective plants for large rock gardens. Except in the south and west of England, a sheltered position is necessary. They are best planted out in March or April in light, well-drained soil with leaf-mould in it. Species. (Hardy) F. magellanica, [syn. corallina F. x exoniensis] (Purple and Red); F. magellanica, var. macrostemma (Scarlet); F. m. globosa (Violet and Purple); F. m. pumila (Bright Ruby, 9 in.); F. m. Riccartonii (Bright Red); F. microphylla (Pink, 24-36 in.); F.procumbens (Pink trailer, 3-5 in.); F. thymifolia (Coral Pink, 24-30 in.). All flower from July to September, and except where otherwise mentioned grow from 5 to 6 feet in height. There are numerous named varieties.

Funkia. See Hosta.

Galanthus. See Snowdrop.

Galax aphylla (Fairies' Wand or Carpenter's Leaf). This is a beautiful little creeping evergreen with white flowers borne in summer on 6-inch long spikes. It has richly tinted foliage in autumn, and thrives in partial shade in the rock garden and in a mixture of moist sandy loam and leaf-mould, or preferably in peat. It is best propagated by division of roots in spring or early autumn.

Garrya. The only species grown to any extent is G. elliptica (Californian Garrya), a hardy evergreen shrub with long, oval leaves and yellow or greenish-yellow flowers from November to March. It forms a bush 8 or more feet in height, or may be grown as a climber on a wall. The garrya is a good shrub for planting in gardens situated near the sea, and is frequently grown in large rock gardens.

Verbena Venosa Gazania, Orange Splendens

Culture. Plant from October to March in ordinary soil and in a sunny, sheltered position. In May trim back long shoots and cut out dead wood^ To propagate, strike cuttings in August in a frame.

Gaultheria (Winter Green, etc.). A genus of low-growing evergreen, heath-like shrubs, some of which are hardy and suitable for the marsh or rock garden. The best of the creeping or dwarf species are G. nummularioides with pinkish white bell-shaped flowers from June to August; G. procumbens; G. trichophylla (Pink); G. Miqueliana (White); G. Shallon (Pinkish White); and G. Veitchiana, are small shrubs. The tiny bell-shaped flowers, white or pink and borne in summer, are quite insignificant.

Culture Plant in April or October in cool, moist, ordinary soil to which ample leaf-mould has been added, or in a mixture of peat and sand (no lime), and in a partially-shaded position. Thin out old shoots when the shrubs are overcrowded. Propagate by means of seed sown in heat in March or by division of roots or by layering in October.

Gazania. (Treasure Flower). Showy summer-flowering perennials, some of which make good subjects for the rock garden or dry wall. Propagate by means of basal cuttings in summer in cold frame.

Genista (Furze, Gorse). The genistas, which are closely related to the brooms, are hardy flowering shrubs, a few of which are extremely valuable for ledges or as edgings in the rock garden, particularly such species as G. dalmatica, G. glabrescens, G. horrida, G. pilosa, G. prostrata, G. sagittalis, and G. s., var. delphinensis. No plant makes a finer show when in bloom or does better on a dry, sunny bank than G. hispanica, the Spanish Broom, with its golden flowers in May and June. It is a prickly and compact shrub forming a bush rarely more than 3 feet in height. Most of the species have yellow, pea-shaped flowers, which come in clusters at the end of the branches and are borne over a long period, usually in May and June, and in July and August. Another good form, flowering at the same time, is the golden, double-flowered G. tinctoriafl. pl.9 which rarely grows more than 2 feet high. Culture. Plant in October in dry, light soil and in a sunny position. The early-flowering types should have the old wood thinned out and should be trimmed into shape directly after flowering. The later bloomers should be cut hard back in February or March. The dwarf and trailing species, such as G. sagittalis, are usually propagated by means of layering in October. Seed may be sown in March.

To propagate shrubby kinds, such as G. hispanica, sow seed in a frame in August, or strike cuttings of half-matured wood with a "heel" in a frame during the same month and grow on in pots until planted out.

Gentiana. All the gentians are beautiful and desirable little rock plants, thatseem to hold a special lure for the rock garden lover. They vary from the mostminute foliaged of plants to large dock-like specimens, and in every case carryerect and charmingly coloured cup-shaped flowers in all shades of blue and white.Most of them, save, say, G. acaulis, G. asclepiadea, G. Kurroo, G. septemfida,and G. verna, are none too easy to grow. At least, most of them will grow, but so many are shy flowerers, as, for instance, G. bavarica, G. ciliata, and G. imbricata. The gentians need great care and as much approximation to alpine conditions as possible. It seems that, above all, they must have the free, moist air of the open hills; in town gardens their cultivation is almost impossible. G. acaulis (Gentianella), with its large, deep mazarine blue, trumpet-like flowers in April and May, looks well in the rock garden. Most gentians require a moist but well-drained, gritty, peaty loam and leaf-mould to which has been added a fair amount of old mortar-rubble. Ample moisture is essential through the summer, and most species do best in partial shade. G. verna may also be grown with advantage in the Alpine House. Some, such as G. nivalis, G. prostrata, and G. tenella, are annuals and not worth growing. The list shows a few of the more desirable and more easily grown species. Culture. The plants are propagated by seeds sown in a frame in partial shade as soon as ripe or in March, and by division of the roots in March. Propagation by seed is, however, the better, as gentians hate having their roots disturbed. The seed should be sown in fine loam mixed with sand, and should not be too deeply covered. If the seeds are sprinkled on the surface of the compost, and a little mould is strewn over them when sown, it will be sufficient. The seeds take a long time to germinate. It is as well always to keep a few seedlings in hand, as even the so-called perennial gentians never live very long. The gentians need very firm planting, are impatient of root division, and indeed of transplanting, and when once established in any position, the plants should be allowed to remain where they are. G. acaulis is less liable to suffer from division than other species. G. Pneumonanthe (5-10 in.), with dark blue flowers in June, July, and August, looks well massed in the bog or marsh garden.

Geranium (Crane's Bill). The term geranium can be taken to cover both sections of plants to which the names geranium and pelargonium are usually applied. The former, however, is more generally assigned to the hardy sorts, while the latter includes all the show varieties, half-hardy bedding plants, etc. The dwarf kinds of hardy geranium are most suitable subjects for the rock garden, and thrive in sunny, open sites, on rocky ledges, dry walls, or on the moraine, and in well-drained, poor, sandy, and gritty soil. An autumnal dressing of granite chips will help them to survive the winter. Culture. Sow seed in March or August (under glass), or in April in the open, or the plants may be increased by division of roots from March to October. Cuttings of matured side-shoots can also be struck in a frame in August. Species. G. argenteum (Rose-pink, 4 in. [Silvery Foliage]); G. cinereum (Red-purple, 4 in.); G. Farreri (Pink, 6 in.); G. sanguineum (Crimson-purple, 9 in.); G. s. lancastriense (Rose and Crimson, 6 in.); G. s. album (White, 9 in.); and G. subcaulescens (Pure Pink. 6 in.). All flower from June to September.

Gentiana For The Rock Garden

?Indicates species that like a position in full sun. The others all prefer semi-shade. 162

Geum (Avens). These are beautiful hardy perennials with brilliant yellow, orange, or red flowers and leaves like those of the strawberry. They thrive in sunny, open situations. The rock garden species, which grow from 6 to 15 inches in height, love a deep, gritty loam. G. reptans and G. rivale require plenty of moisture, and are suitable subjects for the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in

March or October and plant out in permanent position. Species. G. coccinewn (Scarlet, 14 in.); G. montanum (Yellow, 6 in.); G. montanum, var. Heldreichii (Orange-red, 12-15 in.); G. reptans (Golden-yellow, 10 in.); G. rivale [Leonard's] (Crimson-pink, 10 in.). All flower from April to October.

Globularia (Globe Daisy). Dwarf-growing shrubby perennials, which should be grown in the sun and in moist, light loam and leaf-mould. They are delightful plants for the paved garden or for the rock garden, forming a carpet of small, glossy, dark green foliage. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or September. Species. G. cordifolia (Greyish-blue, May-July, 4 in.); G. c. nana [syn. G. bellidifolia] (Pale Blue, May-July, 2 in.); G. nudicaulis (Steel Blue, May-June, 6 in.); and G. trichosantha (Blue, May-July, 8 in.).

Golden Rod. See Solidago.

Grammanthes. Dwarf-growing, succulent, half-hardy annuals, growing from4to 6 inches high and flowering from July to September. They do best in the sunand in light, sandy soil, and are valuable for growing in warm, sheltered portionsof the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly as soon as ripe or in spring underglass in a cool house, prick-off into boxes when fit to handle, harden-off gradually, and plant out 4 inches apart in June. G. dichotoma (Yellow) is the best-known species. Now classified as Vauanthes.

Gunnera. These ornamental foliage plants, like giant rhubarbs, thrive in rich soil and in sheltered, shady positions. They are hardy perennials and are valuable for the margins of lakes, and for shrubberies. Culture. Sow seed in heat as soon as ripe or in March and plant out in June, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. The crowns require a slight protection in winter in the form of a mound of bracken or fibre over them. G. chilensis [syn. scabrd] (Crimson, Aug.,5 ft.) is the best, G. manicata being much larger, though scarcely so beautiful.

Gypsophila (Chalk Plant, or Gauze Flower). The gypsophila genus includes hardy annuals and perennials with graceful sprays of lace-like flowers on tall stems. They thrive in the sun and in dry, well-limed loam. A good deal of coarse grit should be added to the soil. The dwarf-growing kinds are compact, and make excellent subjects for edgings, for growing on ledges, for crevices in walls, or in the rock garden. G. cerastioides is a delightful plant for the paved garden. Species. {Annual) G. muralis (Pink, 6 to 12 in.). {Perennials) G. cerastioides (White, veined Red, 3 in.); G. fratensis (Pink, 2-3 in.); G. repens [syn. prostratd] (White and Pink, 4-6 in.); and G. repens, var. rosea plena (Double Pink, 6-10 in.). All flower from May to September, and with the exception of the annuals should be propagated by means of cuttings.

Haberlea. These hardy herbaceous perennials of the gloxinia family are especially suitable for a shady spot in the rock garden. They do well in vertical crevices exposed to the north and east, on rocky ledges, or in the moraine. They need a compost of moist peat, leaf-mould, and sand. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. H. rhodopensis (Lilac, May-July, 6 in.), whose deep green leaves form a neat rosette, is a favourite, so also is the variety H. r. virginalis (White). H. Ferdinandi-Coburgi (Violet-blue, May-July, 4-6 in.) is also well worth growing.

Halesia (Silver Bell or Snowdrop Tree). The halesia is a hardy deciduous tree, which grows in England to a height of from 10 to 15 feet, and which in summer carries clusters of drooping white flowers like those of the snowdrop. It thrives in well-drained, moist, sandy loam and in a sunny, sheltered site. A position close to a pond or stream in the water or marsh garden suits it admirably. Culture. Plant in October, thin out the branches when they are overcrowded. To propagate, sow seed in a frame in March, or take cuttings in October. H. Carolina (20-30 ft.); H. diptera (8-15 ft.); and H. monticola, var. rosea (10-20 ft., Rose coloured flowers), are the best-known species.

Hamamelis (Witch Hazel). These small deciduous trees or shrubs thrive in sunny positions and in moist but well-drained loam with plenty of peat and leaf-mould in it. They are suitable subjects for the bog or marsh garden. The quaint, fragrant flowers, each with four narrow petals, that in some species are twisted and folded, are borne in the autumn and early in the year. Culture. Plant in October and November. Thin out and trim branches in April when overcrowded. To propagate, sow seed when ripe in a frame, layer in late summer, or graft on seedling stocks of H. virginiana during April. Species. H. japonica arborea (Yellow and Red, Jan.-Feb., 10-20 ft.); H.j., var. Zuccariniana (Pale Yellow, Dec.-Feb., 3-6 ft.); H. mollis (Golden-yellow, Chocolate Centre, Dec.-Feb., 8 ft.).

Hedysarum. A genus of flowering plants, including biennials, hardy herbaceous perennials, and shrubs. Amongst the perennials are several charming little plants for the rock garden. They should be grown in the sun and in ordinary soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March. Species. H. sibiricum [syn. alpinuni] (Purple-red, June-Aug., 3-6 in.); H. boreale (Purple, June-Aug., 12 in.); H. microcalyx (Purple, June-July, 50 in.); and H. obscurum [syn. H. neglectum] (Purple, June-Aug., 18 in.).

Heeria. See Heterocentron.

Helianthemum (Rock Rose). These brilliant, shrubby evergreens are of trailing habit, and flower in the spring and summer. They make lovely clumps of bluish-green foliage, thickly splashed for two or three months in the year with brightly-coloured flowers very like those of the strawberry. These, unfortunately, fall a day or so after they open, but this defect is made up for by the fact that the buds on the same bush open over a period of two or three months. The flowers of the varieties of H. vulgare [syn. H. Chamcecistus'] (4-12 in., flowering in June and July), which are single or double, may be had in almost any shade of crimson, scarlet, rose, orange, yellow, or white. Yellow is the prevailing colour of the flowers of the other species. The dwarf-growing kinds grow from 2 to 12 inches high. They love the sun and do best on dry banks, or on walls or rocky ledges in the rock garden and in sandy soil. Some species are valuable for the paved garden. Culture. Plant in March or October. "Stop" back long, weak shoots in August. They need no protection in winter. To propagate, sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, strike cuttings in July or August under glass in sandy soil. See also Cistus. Species and vars. H. alpestre (Yellow, June-July, 2-4 in.); H. a. serpyllifolium (Yellow, June-July, 2-3 in.); H. apenninum (White, Yellow blotch, June-July, 6-12 in.); and H. Chamcecistus (H. vulgare) under which all the various coloured varieties which range from White, Orange Pink, Yellow and Red may be obtained.

Helichrysum ("Everlasting Flowers"). These are mostly half-hardy or hardy perennials or annuals, which thrive in sunny positions and in gritty loam, and are mostly suitable for borders, or as pot plants indoors. The dwarf species make excellent subjects for the rock or wall gardens. H. bellidioides likes a position on the moraine. These dwarf-growing species are hardy perennials growing from 3 to 6 inches high and flowering from July to October. They need protection from excessive wet in winter. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in the spring, or take cuttings in April and strike in gentle heat. Species. H. bellidioides (White, 5 in.); H. frigidum (White, 4 in.); H. selaginoides (Cream, 6 in.); and H. trinerve (White, 6 in.), [syn. Gnaphalium trinerve].

Helleborus about which little need be said. The species propagate easily from seed or by division and should be planted in a semi-shady position, with a deep root-run of well-drained leaf-mould, loam and sand where they may obtain ample moisture. Their interest is largely their flowering from Christmas to May. Species. H. niger (Christmas Rose, Creamy-purple, 10-12 in.); and H. viridis (dull Green flower, March-May, 10 15 in.).

Helonias bullata (Stud Flower). These hardy liliaceous plants should be grown in moist places in the marsh garden and in sandy and peaty loam. They like a semi-shaded situation and flower in April and May. The flower-spikes are some 12 to 18 inches in height and carry minute, star-like pink blooms high above the foliage, that hugs the ground upon which it is growing. The leaves soon spread into wide shiny green mats. Culture. Sow seed in a frame as soon as ripe or in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or October.

Helxine Soleirolii. This is a creeping plant with pretty green foliage and inconspicuous flowers. It makes an excellent subject for cultivation in the paved or rock garden, and does well in sun or shade and in gritty loam. Propagation is best effected by means of division of roots in the spring.

Hemerocallis (Day Lily). Hardy perennials, which do well in moist, light and deep soil in a shady spot in the marsh garden. As the name implies, the flowers, once open, last only a day or so, but a succession of bloom extends over two or three months. The flowers are useful for cutting. Propagate by division of roots in April or November. Species and Varieties. H. aurantiaca (Apricot-orange); H. Dumorfieri (Yellow and Reddish-brown); H. fulva (Tawny Yellow); H. f. var. Gold Dust (Golden-yellow); H. /., var. Sovereign (Orange Yellow); H. /., var. Kwanso fl. pi. (Bronze-yellow). All flower from May to August, and grow from 12 to 36 inches in height.

Hepatica. This is now included in the genus Anemone, which see, Heracleum (Cow Parsnip). These tall hardy biennials and perennials thrive in the sun and in ordinary soil on moist banks. Many of them are valuable plants for the bog or water garden. All carry white flowers; the biennials blooming from May to July, the perennials from June to October. The biennials are hardly worth growing. Culture. {Perennials) Sow seed in April in the open, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or October. Species. 166 (Biennial) H. sibiricum (3-4 ft.); (Perennials) H. Leicktlinii (6 ft.); H. persicum (10 ft.); and H. villosum (8-10 ft.).

Herniaria glabra. These are quaint little creeping plants with pretty green foliage and inconspicuous greenish-yellow flowers. They make excellent subjects for the paved or rock garden. These little plants like a sunny position and a gritty loam, and are propagated by means of division of roots in the spring.

Heterocentron roseum, known in catalogues under the name of Heeria, is a half-hardy creeping plant with large pink flowers in the autumn. May be propagated by cuttings in the autumn in a warm frame, or from seed sown in the frame in March and planted out in May or June.

Heuchera (Alum Root). Beautiful hardy herbaceous perennials, which do well in warm, rich, and light soil. They love a sunny situation, where they will send up spikes of purple, red, or pink white flowers like those of the London Pride. The dwarf-growing species are deserving of a place in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or October. Species. H. americana (Purple-white); H. glabra (Pink); and H. sanguinea (Reddish-pink). All grow about 12 inches high. H. s. hybrida (Red to White), some 20 inches high, may also be grown in large rock gardens where more space is available. All flower from May to September.

Hieracium (Hawkweed). Some of the dwarf-growing species of these hardy herbaceous perennials thrive in ordinary soil and love a sunny site in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or September. Species. H. alpinum (Yellow, July, 6 in.); H. Bormiilleri (Yellow, June-Aug., 12 in.); and H. villosum (Golden-yellow, July, 9 in.).

Hippocrepis comosa. A trailing leguminous alpine perennial, 8-15 inches high, with bright gold yellow flowers from May to July. May be planted on the southern slopes of the rock garden in a dryish position, in light limy soil. Propagate from seed sown under glass in early spring.

Horminum pyrenaicum (Pyrenean Dead Nettle). An attractive hardy perennial with large, flat, crinkly leaves. Its blue flowers are carried in summer on upright stems some 9 inches long. This plant may be included in a selection of plants for the rock garden, and thrives in a dry, sunny crevice and in gritty ordinary soil. Propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn.

Hosta, formerly Funkia (Plantain Lily). A genus of fine hardy herbaceous plants, some species of which are suitable subjects for the bog or rock garden. They are remarkable for their broad leaves and spikes of bell-shaped fragrant flowers, which are mostly white with a tinge of lilac. Some species have varieties with variegated or glaucous foliage and are most ornamental. They require soil that has been well dug and enriched with manure, and thrive in sun or shade. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn, and plant out in permanent position. Species. H. ventricosa [syn. H. ovata] (Lilac-blue, July-Aug., 12-18 in.); H.plantaginea [syn. subcordata] (White, July-Aug., 12-20 in.); H. Sieboldiana (Pale Lilac, July-Aug., 12-18 in.); H. S. cor data (Light Blue, July-Sept., 18 in.).

Hottonia palustris (Water Violet). These beautiful hardy aquatic perennials should be grown in a sunny position in still water. The showy lilac and yellow flowers, which are borne at water-level, appear in May and June. Culture. Sow seeds in ordinary soil in shallow water in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant at the water's edge with from 1 to 2 feet of water above the crowns. See also the chapter on The Water Garden.

Houstonia caerulea. This is a pretty little evergreen rock plant of creeping habit and is smothered with pale blue star-shaped flowers in May and June. It only grows about 3 inches high, and thrives on shady ledges in well-drained, moist, sandy loam. Seed may be sown under glass in March, or propagation carried out by means of division of roots or cuttings in September. Another species perhaps a little stronger in growth is H. serpyllifolia, violet-blue to white.

Hutchinsia. Dwarf-growing hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, which thrive in semi-shade and in cool, sandy, and gritty loam. The best-known species is H. alpina, a pretty little plant with evergreen fern-like foliage, that looks well in the paved or rock garden. It grows about 6 inches high and from May to August bears small white flowers. Culture. Seed may be sown as soon as ripe in March under glass, or propagation may be carried out by means of division of roots in spring or autumn.

Hyacinth. Several of the dwarf species of hyacinth should be employed to obtain early colour in the rock garden. Hyacinthus azureus, which grows about 4 inches high and carries beautiful blue flowers in February, is well worth growing, as is also H. amethystinus which is a little later in flowering but has no less claim.

Culture. Plant the bulbs in September, 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart. They like a sunny position and well-manured, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Cut off the stems of the dead flowers, but do not lift the bulbs after flowering.

Hypericum (St. John's Wort, Aaron's Beard or Rose of Sharon). This genus includes a large number of sub-shrubs, some of which are evergreens, others are deciduous; many are quite hardy, others need the protection of the Alpine House. There are also hardy annual and hardy herbaceous perennial species with dense foliage and bright yellow flowers. The annuals are hardly worth growing, but some of the dwarf-growing perennials and evergreen shrubs make excellent subjects for edgings, carpeting, rocky crevices, walls, or for the moraine or scree. Sandy loam and a sunny site suit them best. H. Coris and H. tomentosum should be protected by means of a piece of glass in winter. Culture. {Perennials) Sow seed in the open in April, divide the roots in March, or take cuttings in September and strike in sandy soil. Plant out in March. (Shrubs) Plant in October; cut well back in March. Propagate by means of cuttings in July.

Species and Varieties. (Perennials) H. anagalloides (2 in. creeper); H. crispum (12 in.); H.gracile [syn. hyssopifolium] (5 in.); H. tomentosum (6-9 in. (Shrubs) H. Coris (3 in.); H. cuneatum (3 in.); H. empetrifolium (6-8 in.); H.x Moserianum (12-18 in.); H. nummularium (Trailing); H. olympicum (10 in.); H. polyphyllum (6 in.); and H. reptans (Bright Green, Trailing Foliage, 4 in.). All flower from July to August.

Iberis (Candytuft). There are hardy annual and perennial species of this exceedingly beautiful and favourite flower, both of which succeed in any soil with lime in it, but prefer dry, sandy loam and a sunny position. The perennials, which are mostly shrubby evergreens, make very useful subjects for edgings or for crevices in the rock garden, and some kinds, such as /. saxatilis, are happiest in the moraine. /. sempervirens (Evergreen Candytuft) quickly forms an imposing tuft on a rock edging or when used as a wall plant. The bold masses of strikingly white flowers in spring are most effective, while during the rest of the year the tuft of glossy, dark green foliage is very pleasing. Some of the older and more straggling shoots should be cut well back to the roots every three or four years. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or October. Cuttings may also be struck in a frame about the end of July or early in August. Species. (Perennials) /. gibraltarica (Lilac-pink, May-July, 12 in.), this needs a warm and sheltered position; /. saxatilis (White, March-May, 3 in.); /. Tenoreana, var. petrcea (White, tinged Red, May, 5 in.); and /. sempervirens (White, May-June, 6-12 in.).

Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum). This is a useful and effective half-hardy plant for rock-work, thriving in any fairly good soil, and in a dry and sunny situation. The white or pink flowers are borne in August amidst thick, fleshy leaves on stems some 5 inches high. Culture. Sow seed thinly in rich, light soil as soon as ripe, or in March, in gentle heat. Pot-up in 3-inch pots as soon as possible, harden-off gradually, and plant out 12 inches apart early in June. Keep the young plants well supplied with water until the roots get hold of the soil.

When once established, they will only require to be kept free from weeds and to have crowded shoots pinched out. In hot, dry weather, weak manure-water may be given frequently with advantage. Propagation may also be carried out by means of cuttings of half-matured shoots in spring. Another species usually grown at the seaside is M. roseum.

Hex crenata Mariesii (Miniature Holly). A slow-growing member of the large family of Christmas Hollies, so common for their bright berries at that time of the year, which may be useful in the crevices of the rock garden and may be propagated by cuttings of half-ripe wood sprigs taken in the autumn and inserted round the edge of a pot plunged in the cold frame.

Incarvillea. Hardy tuberous-rooted perennials growing from 6 to 36 inches in height, carrying large gloxinia-like flowers from May to August on spikes rising above dark green, dandelion-like foliage. The small-growing species are very valuable for the rock garden. They thrive in well-drained, rich loam and in sunny borders. Culture. Sow seed in pans in a frame as soon as ripe or in April, thin out, and plant out in spring or autumn. Seed can be sown in the open early in May; the plants may also be increased by division of roots in March or October. Species. /. Delavayi (Crimson-pink or Purple, 15 in.) and /. grandi-flora (Bright Pink, 9 in.) are the most popular.

Inula ensifolia. A member of a fairly large family of yellow herbaceous plants which flower in the autumn. They grow from 9-12 inches high, and may be propagated from seed sown in March and planted out when large enough or by division of roots in the autumn.

Ionopsidium (Violet Cress). A plant so called from its violet-like appearance. Only two kinds are grown /. acaule, with white flowers tinged with purple or with lilac flowers, and /. album, with white flowers. Both are small, not exceeding 3 inches in height, and flowering so profusely all summer that they hide their foliage with a smother of blossom. These delightful dwarf hardy annuals are reproduced by self-sowing in their growing positions. They should be grown in semi-shade and in rich, damp soil. They make pretty little plants for crevices in the rock garden.

Iris. This beautiful and useful genus needs no introduction. It contains hardy plants with bulbous or spreading tuberous or rhizomatous roots and most beautiful and varied flowers. It is usually divided into two sections namely, the bulbous and the non-bulbous or rhizomatous-rooted. To the latter class belong the Flags or Bearded Irises, the Kaempferi or Japanese group, and the Sibirica Irises; to the bulbous class belong the English, Dutch, and Spanish Irises. Many are far too large, but the dwarf bearded irises, with blue and orange, violet-purple, and sky-blue flowers in April and May, and which grow from 4 to 9 inches high, make most striking plants for ledges in the rock garden. They thrive in sun or shade and love a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. The spring-flowering Hybrid Crimean and Bulbous Irises, with blooms similar in colour to those described above and which grow from 4 to 12 inches high, are also beautiful, if grouped in the rock garden. They like a sunny position and a gritty loam. The Japanese Irises love marshy land, require a position in full sun, and should occasionally be transplanted and divided in August after blooming. They are most effective in the bog or marsh garden. The cultivation of nearly all the irises is simple, the plants succeeding in a sunny position and in any light, rich garden soil, though sandy loam with 50 per cent peat or leaf-mould is most suitable for the bulbous species. All love ample, thoroughly rotted manure. For Irises most suitable for the bog garden.

Culture {Bulbous-rooted). Plant the bulbs 3 to 4 inches deep in September or October in a sunny position amongst carpeting plants, with a little sand round the bulbs, as they hate damp, muggy winters. Most of the spring-flowering species require to be lifted from the ground in August; summer-flowering kinds should be taken up every third year, in October, after the plants have died down. They are propagated by means of offsets in September or October.

Non-bulbous or Rhizomatous Species. Plant out in August or September (dwarf) 5 inches apart. The upper part of the rhizomes should lie on the surface of the soil, so as to be exposed to the air and sun. The dwarf bearded rock species may be propagated by seed sown in September under glass, by offshoots in October, or by division of roots in the spring after flowering. Lift and re-plant the rhizomes triennially.

Species and Varieties. BULBOUS-ROOTED. SPRING-FLOWERING. /. Histrio (Lilac-blue and Yellow, Jan.-Feb., 6 in.); /. histrioides (Sea Blue, Feb.-March, 6 in.); /. persica Heldreichi (Purple, Yellow, and Green, March, 4 in.); and /. reticulata Krelagei (Purple-red, netted with Orange, Jan.-Feb., 8 in.).

NON-BULBOUS OR RHIZOMATOUS. /. aurea (Yellow, July, 3-4 ft.); /. Chamceris (Sky Blue, April-May, 6 in.); /. chrysographes (Deep Blue, May-June, 12 in.); /. cristata (China Blue with Gold Stripe, May, 8 in.); /. Delavayi (Violet, July-Sept., 50 in.); /. fulva [syn. cuprea] (Reddish-bronze, June-July, 20 in.); /. fcetidissima (Bluish-lilac or Yellow, June, 30 in.); /. innominata (Golden-buff, veined Light Brown, June, 4 in.); /. Icevigata [syn. Kcempferi] (Various, July-Sept., 18-30 in.); /. Monnieri (Yellow and White, June-July, 36-48 in.); /. orientalis (Yellow, May-June, 30-40 in.); /. Pseudacorus (Yellow, May-July, 30 in.); /. pumila and vars. (Violet-purple and White, flecked with Blue, 6 in.); /. sibirica (Blue, White, and Yellow, May-June, 30 in.); /. spuria (Lilac Blue, June, 40 in.); /. unguicularis [syn. stylosd] (Various, Nov.-March, 6-15 in.). Named species and varieties are innumerable and catalogues should be consulted for both the dwarf bulbous rooted and non-bulbous.

Itea virginica. This is a hardy deciduous shrub, which grows to about 5 feet high, and in July carries racemes of white flowers. It likes a moist, peaty soil and partial shade, and makes a most attractive plant for the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in October, and thin out the branches when these are overcrowded. Propagate by means of seed sown in the open in April, by suckers in October, or by layering in August.

Ivy (Hedera). There are many kinds of this well-known climber. The common sorts thrive against walls and in ordinary rich soil; the variegated kinds prefer walls facing south or west, and like ample lime in the compost. Culture. Strike cuttings in autumn in sandy soil in a shady border; plant out in dry, open weather between the following October and April. When established old leaves and untidy shoots need clipping hard back in April. There are numerous suitable varieties of Hedera Helix (the Common Ivy), viz. H. H, var. hibernica, H. H., var. lobata, H. H., var. lucida, H. H., var. maculata, H. H., var. marginata, and H. H., var. minima.

Ixia (African Corn Lily). These are pretty half-hardy bulbs with spikes of graceful, star-like flowers carried in May and June on stems some 15 inches tall. They should be grown in warm, dry, sunny places in the rock garden, and do best in a compost of rich, sandy loam and leaf-mould or peat. Culture. Plant the bulbs in September 4 inches deep and 3 inches apart; do not lift after flowering, but in winter cover the bulbs with ashes or fibre. Propagate by means of seed sown in a frame in September, or by means of offsets in October. Seedlings take three years to flower. Named Varieties. Bucephalus major (Carmine-red); Hogarth (Creamy Yellow); Invincible (Carmine-purple); Marvellous (Yellow, exterior range); and Nelsoni (Yellow and White).

Ixiolirion (Ixia Lily) [/. montanum and its varieties], These are half-hardy bulbous plants, which grow about 15 inches high and flower in June. The flowers are either white or of different shades of blue. They do well in well-drained, sandy loam, and love a warm, sunny corner in the rock garden. Culture. Plant the bulbs in September 5 inches deep and 3 inches apart; do not lift the bulbs after flowering, but protect them with fibre during winter.

Jankaea Heldreichi [syn. Ramonda Heldreichi}. Beautiful little rock plants with silver-grey foliage and very pale blue flowers. They grow from 3 to 4 inches high, and thrive on sheltered ledges or in the Alpine House where wet and moisture cannot damage them. Plant in April or September in a compost of fibrous peat, loam, and silver sand.

Propagation may be carried out by means of division in spring or by leaf-cuttings, and grown on in heat, or seed may be sown in March or April. Shade under a north wall in summer.

Jasione (Sheep's Scabious). These are pretty dwarf-growing plants, forming tufts of narrow leaves and carrying rounded heads of blue flowers on slender stems in summer. They like a semi-sheltered but sunny position, and do best in a sandy and gritty loam. Seed may be sown under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or the plants may be propagated by means of division of roots in spring or early autumn. J. humilis, 5 in.; /. Jankce, 6 in.; and /. perennis, 9 in., are good species.

Jasminum Parkeri. A dwarf evergreen member of the Jasmine family some 6 to 12 inches high, with yellow flowers. Culture. Propagate from seed in the autumn, sown under glass; or take cuttings in the late summer and strike in a cool frame. This is a charming little shrub for the Alpine House or for a sheltered crevice in the rock garden.

Juniper (Juniperus). These are handsome evergreen trees and shrubs, which grow best in moist, well-drained, deep loam and in sunny positions. They make very effective plants for prominent positions in the bog, marsh or rock gardens, and such dwarf species as /. chinensis [syn. sinensis], var. Pfitzeriana, J. c. aurea, J. c. procumbens, J. communis montana [syn. nand, J. c. compressa, J. c. aurea, J. c. depressa, J. horizontalis [syn. prostrata], J. Sabina tamariscifolia, J. recurva and /. r. squamata, will be found very decorative in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in May or September; no pruning is required. To propagate, strike cuttings in a frame in September.

Kalmia (American Laurel). Hardy evergreen shrubs, which should be treated in the same way as rhododendrons {which see). They should be given a moist situation, preferably in the marsh garden, and need a non-calcareous soil, as they are lime-haters. To propagate, sow seed in a frame in spring, strike cuttings in a frame in October, or layer in October. Species. The best known are: K. polifolia (The Swamp Laurel), with purple flowers in April and May, growing about 2 feet high; K. latifolia (The Calico Bush or Mountain Laurel), with rose and white flowers in June growing to a height of 6 feet; K. angustifolia (The Sheep Laurel), which makes a bush some 3 feet in height and bears clusters of purple-red or white flowers in June.

Kentranthus, formerly Centranthus (Valerian). A bright and free-flowering hardy perennial, which reproduces very rapidly and has, therefore, to be kept in check. It likes a sunny position and a dry, hot, and limy soil, and is useful for cultivation in the rock garden or on walls. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division in November or March and plant out in permanent position. Species and hybrids. K. angustifolius (Crimson, May-July, 24 in.); K. xruber (Crimson, Rose, June-Aug., 24-36 in.); K. a. albus (White, June-Aug., 24 in.).

Lastrea. See Ferns.

Iris Innominata

Lavandula. The Lavender so well known and having the delightful scent. There are now a number of varieties of the parent species L. officinalis both large and small in varying colours of blue and white. The plants may be grown from cuttings taken in the early autumn and struck in the frame then planted out in any good garden soil about the rock garden. Species. L. dentata (Lavender Blue, l-3 ft.); L. lanata (Violet, 18 in.); andL. Stoechas (The French Lavender, Deep Purple, shrubby, 15 in.).

Layia (Tidy Tips). These hardy annuals are suitable for sunny parts of the rock garden. They grow to a height of about 10 inches and flower from July to September. Ordinary garden soil suits them well. Culture. Sow seed thinly J-inch deep in April, and thin out when the seedlings are fit to handle to about 6 inches apart. Species. L. elegans (Yellow, margined White); and L. glandulosa (White).

Ledum (Labrador Tree). Hardy evergreen shrubs which are best planted in cool, moist loam deficient in lime. They will grow in sun or semi-shade. Culture. Plant in May or September; no pruning is necessary. Propagate in September by means of layering or cuttings, or by seed sown in spring. Species. L. grmnlandicum [syn. latifoliuni] (White, tinged Pink); andL. palustre (White). All grow to a height of from 2 to 3 feet, and from April to May carry clusters of small flowers.

Leiophyllum buxifolium (Sand Myrtle). The Sand Myrtle is a hardy evergreen shrub of compact growth, that is useful for the rock garden. It thrives in cool, peaty loam and in full sun, and carries masses of shiny, dark-green, box-like leaves and in May and June clusters of small white flowers. In height, this shrub rarely exceeds 18 inches. Culture. Plant from April to September. Propagation is by means of seed sown in a frame in spring, or by layering in September.

Leontopodium. See Edelweiss.

Leptosiphon [syn. Gilid]. A charming tribe of hardy annuals including several little plants that are extremely useful for setting in crevices in the rock garden, on dry walls, and in the paved garden. L. hybridus [syn. Gilia micrantha], and L. rosea [syn. G. m.], are among the most suitable. They carry dense heads of brilliantly-coloured Phlox-like flowers, and thrive in full sun and in any light, rich soil. The Leptosiphons are easily raised by means of seed sown in spring.

Leucojum (Snowflake). These are very pretty hardy bulbs with bell-like blossoms, resembling those of the snowdrop, but much larger, and borne in clusters of two or three. They will do well in any garden soil in semi-shade, and are delightful little plants for cultivation in the rock garden. L. cestivum is also suitable for the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in September 3 to 4 inches deep and 5 inches apart. Propagate by means of offsets or by seed. The bulbs only require lifting every seven years, and are never at their best until they have been in the soil a year or so. Species. L. cestivum [Summer Snowflake] (White, spotted Green, May, 15 in.); L. autumnale (White, tinged Pink, October, 10 in.); and L. vernum [Spring Snowflake] (White, tinged Yellow, March, 9 in.).

Lewisia (Bitter-root). Pretty little rock plants suitable for a dry, sunny crevice between the rocks, on a wall or in the Alpine House. They should be provided with a well-drained, gritty loam; ample water is needed in the growing season. The succulent, fleshy leaves are borne in rosettes, and the flowers, like brilliantly-coloured stars, appear in the summer on slender stems. Protect from wet with a sheet of glass or bell-glass in winter. L. Cotyledon and L. Howellii are also worthy of cultivation in the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, and plant out in permanent position in April. Species. L. brachycalyx (White, May-June, 2 in. cushions); L. columbiana (Magenta, June-July); L. Cotyledon (Pink, striped Buff or White, May-June); L. Howellii (Pink, striped with White, May-June); L. oppositifolia (White, May-June) ; L. rediviva (Pink and White, May-Aug.); and L. Tweedyi (Pink, June-July). All these grow from 4 to 6 inches high.

Leycesteria (Flowering Nutmeg). This is a hardy (in south and west of England) deciduous shrub, only one species of which is at all extensively grown, that is, L.formosa. It grows from 6 to 8 feet high, and in July and August carries drooping racemes of reddish pink and white funnel-shaped flowers at the end of the current year's growth; these are followed by purple-black fruit in autumn. The plant does best in sunny, sheltered positions by the water-side and in light, well-drained soil, and will even flourish under the shade of trees. Culture. Plant in October or March. Cut out wood that has flowered. To propagate, sow seed in the spring, or take cuttings in October and strike in a frame.

Libertia. A genus of hardy iridaceous plants, some of which are valuable for the rock garden. They produce clumps of sword-like foliage, and from March to May carry blue or white iris-like flowers. These plants need a light soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in spring, or propagate by means of division of roots in March. Species. L. ccerulescens (Blue, 18 in.); L. formosa (White or Blue, 20 in.); and L. grandiflora (White, 20 in.).

Lilium (Lily). There are too many species and varieties of lilies for us to go into detail of each so we will endeavour to describe the general cultivation, and name but a few species of this wonderful genera and leave our readers to select from the numerous growers' lists. They are for the most part hardy bulbous perennials, all the more common requiring similar management. Although not essentially plants for the rock garden, many kinds which thrive in a moist but thoroughly drained, gritty, peaty loam and leaf-mould are excellent subjects for the margins of the bog garden. Culture. Plant in October in groups of five to seven, 4 to 5 inches deep (about three times their own depth), and from 6 to 12 inches apart, according to species. The bulbs should, as a rule, when planted, rest on sand, and they should not be disturbed oftener than every three years. A yearly top-dressing of well-decayed manure, mixed with leaf-mould, each spring will be beneficial; and when growing, shade should be afforded the lower parts of the stems by means of small shrubs or other plants planted in proximity to them. When in bloom the plants must be carefully staked. All dead flowers should at once be picked off, but the stems must not be cut down until they have died off. Propagation is carried out by means of offsets in October, by planting scales from the bulbs in sandy soil in a cold frame, or by means of seeds sown in August in pans in a cold frame. But seedlings of most species do not flower until they are three to five years old. Species, U auratum (White, Yellow, and Crimson, Aug.-Sept, 40 in.); L. Brownii (White and Chocolate, June-July, 30 in.); L. bulbiferum (Orange, Yellow, and Red, June, 15 in.); L. canadense (Scarlet or Yellow with Purple Spots, July, 40 in.); L. carniolicum (Scarlet with Black Spots, July, 30 in.); L. chalcedonicum (Bright Scarlet, July-Aug., 40 in.); L. giganteum (White, striped Purple, July-Aug., 100-150 in.); L. japonicum [syn. Krameri] (Pink, July-Aug., 30 in.); L. Martagon (Dark Purple, July, 30-40 in.); L. monadelphum (Golden Yellow, tinged Purple, July, 50 in.); L. pardalinum (Scarlet, Orange, and Yellow, spotted with Purple, July, 60 in.); L. regale (Waxy White, July, 48 in.); L. speciosum rubrum (White spotted Crimson, Aug.-Sept., 40 in.); L. superbum (Scarlet and Yellow, dotted Purple, July-Aug., 24-84 in.); and L. x testaceum (Apricot, June-July, 50 in.).

Limnanthemum nymphoides (Fringed Golden Buck Bean). Beautiful floating aquatic plants, hardy by nature, and carrying yellow or yellow and white flowers in July and August. They should be given a sunny position in slow-moving, shallow water. Culture. Sow seed, or propagate by division of roots in March, and plant, with not more than 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Limnanthes. Dwarf hardy annuals, which grow from 3 to 6 inches in height, and in summer carry fragrant white, pink, or white and yellow flowers. They love a gritty loam and are useful for edgings or for the rock garden. Once well established they will be rather a pleasing nuisance, sowing themselves in every spare corner in the garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in spring or autumn and thin out as soon as the young plants are fit to handle.

Limonium, formerly Statice (Sea Lavender). The dwarfer-growing species of these extremely beautiful "Everlasting" flowers thrive in sunny positions in the rock garden and in well-drained, sandy loam and leaf-mould. They are for the most part plants of thick, leathery foliage and carry minute whitish flowers resting in a calyx of everlasting opalescent pink. Among the most valuable species are: L. alpina, 6 inches, with purple flowers; L. binervosum [syn. L. auriculafolid], 6 inches, with blue flowers; L. montana, var. alba, white, six to 10 inches; L. tataricum [syn. L. incana], 10 inches, with reddish-pink flowers; and L. sinuatum, 15 inches, with yellow and purple flowers. They flower in July and August. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn.

Linaria (Toad Flax). L. Cymbalaria is indigenous to Great Britain, and is often to be found as a trailer on old walls. It has a pretty, round, indented leaf and a lilac and yellow flower, resembling that of an antirrhinum or snapdragon in shape, only very much smaller. The rock garden species, which are dwarf-growing perennials, need a gritty and rather poor soil. They should be given a semi-shaded position, and may be used for carpeting, for walls, or for growing in the moraine or scree garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in the spring or autumn.

Species. L. cequitriloba (Purple, 3-5 in.); L. alpina (Violet, blotched Orange, 3 in.); L. Cymbalaria (Mauve and Orange, Trailer); L. hepaticifolia (Pink Creeper); and L. Cymbalaria maxima [syn. pallidd] (Purple, 4 in.). All flower from June to September.

Linnsea (Twin-flower). These are hardy evergreen shrubs of dwarf and trailing habit, which thrive in a mixture of sand and peat and on moist, shady banks in the bog garden. In June and July they carry fragrant, small gloxinia-like flowers in pairs on short wiry stems. L. borealis, with tiny rose and white, bell-shaped flowers and growing about 3 inches high, is the only species much grown. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or October, or increase by layering.

Linum (Flax or Linseed-oil Plant). The rock garden species of this genus, which are useful for edging, walls, and ledges, are hardy herbaceous perennials growing from 4 to 12 inches in height and flowering from May to September. They are easily grown and like a sunny position and a dry, light, sandy soil with the addition of ample grit. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in April, or take cuttings and strike in sandy soil in July. Plant out in permanent position in April or October. Species. L. alpinum (Blue, 6-9 in.); L. arboreum (Yellow shrubby plant, 12 in.); L. flavum (Golden-yellow flowers, 10 in.); L. hirsutum (Blue, 9 in.); L. monogynum (White, 12 in); L. narbonense (Deep Blue, 12-24 in.); L. salsoloides (White, 6 in.); L. s. nanum (White, 3 in.); and L. viscosum (Purple pink, 15 in.).

Lippia nodiflora. This is a dwarf-growing perennial about 6 inches high and carrying white, pink, or purple flowers from May to September. It does best in the sun and in gritty loam. Lippia nodiflora, formally Aloysia, makes an excellent subject for the wall or paved garden. Propagate by means of division of roots in March.

Lithospermum (Gromwell). Hardy evergreen perennial shrubs of trailing habit with small, hairy leaves and masses of azure-blue flowers. They do well in a well-drained mixture of gritty loam and peat, and in moderately sunny positions. The Lithospermums flower from June to September, and are very effective on dry walls, for carpeting, and for crevices in the rock garden. L. diffusum (L. prostratum) (vars., Heavenly Blue and Grace Ward) are most beautiful prostrate shrubby plants with dark green, evergreen foliage; they put forth a profusion of gentian-blue flowers from May to September. They rarely grow higher than 6 inches, and dislike lime. L. Gastoni, another excellent rock garden plant with blue flowers, thrives on the moraine, and needs ample lime in its soil. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings (2 inches long) in September and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of layering in September or by division of roots in April or September. Plant out in permanent position in spring or autumn.

Other good species are L. canescens (Orange, 9 in.); L. Doerfleri (Violet, 12 in.); L. graminifolium (Sky Blue); L. intermedium (Deep Blue); L. oleifolium (Sky Blue, 6 in.); L. petrteum [syn. Moltkia] (Blue and Pink); and L. rosmarini-folium (Sky Blue, 12 in., March or April).

Lewisia Howellii Iris Innominata

Lobelia. A genus of pretty profusely blooming annuals and perennials, of which the low-growing kinds are suitable for edging, thriving in deep, well-manured and moist soil, and in sunny positions. The tall hardy perennial species are valuable subjects for cultivation in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Sow seed in a frame in April, take cuttings of young growths in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in late April, and plant out 8 to 9 inches apart in permanent position in rich, moist soil to which a dusting of bone-meal has been added. Water liberally while the plants are making growth. As soon as the foliage is dead in autumn, the stems are cut down and the roots lifted and stored in boxes of dry soil in a frost-proof frame. Water is given in March to re-start growth, and late in April the roots are divided and planted-out.

Species. L. cardinalis (Crimson-scarlet, 24-36 in.); L. fulgens (Scarlet, 30 in.); L. linnceoides (White, backs flushed Blue, 2 in., best for Alpine House or Moraine) (sometimes known as Pratia linnceoides); L. splendens (Crimson, 24-36 in.); L. syphilitica (Blue and White, 24-30 in); and L. syphilitica nana (Pale Blue, 6 in.); all these flower from June to September. Named Varieties. Kimbridge (Magenta); L. Ladhams (Scarlet); Queen Victoria (Red); Purple Emperor (Purple); and Salmon Queen (Salmon).

Loiseleuria procumbens (Trailing Azalea). This is an attractive and valuable little shrubby plant of trailing habit. It has purple-pink flowers in summer, and is a valuable subject for moist situations in the rock garden, thriving in sandy peat and leaf-mould. Propagation is best carried out by means of cuttings in a frame in September.

Lomaria (Deer Fern). L. alpina (Alpine Hard Fern) is a hardy dwarf species of this genus, growing from 4 to 8 inches high, and loving the shade and a warm, sheltered nook in the rock garden. If possible, it should have sandy peat and loam, with the addition of ample limestone chippings. L. spicant (10 in.) is also hardy and will thrive if treated in the same way. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of spores under glass in July, or by division of roots in April. See also Ferns page 67.

Lonicera (Honeysuckle). This genus comprises all the trailing and climbing plants known as Honeysuckles. Some of these are evergreen, others are deciduous; many are hardy, but several are only half-hardy. They thrive in any good, moderately dry garden soil and frequently in shaded positions. Culture. Strike cuttings of ripe shoots in the open in late summer; let the cuttings stand in the bed for a year, then plant out from October to April. If preferred, propagate by layering or from seed. After flowering cut away old wood, and trim back straggling shoots. For garden use L. Periclymenum belgica and L. P. serotina, the early and late Dutch Honeysuckles, are excellent. L. fragrantissima (Bush Honeysuckle) flowers early in February, and is a species useful in the rock garden.

Lotus (Bird's Foot Trefoil). The hardy perennial species of this genus, which grow well in ordinary soil, are eminently suited for ornamenting dry banks, for crevices in paving, or for sunny ledges in the rock garden. They have fine silvery-grey foliage and carry masses of pea-like flowers of various colours. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by division of roots in April. The more woolly require protection in winter. Species. L. corniculatus (Yellow, July-Aug., 6 in.); L. Bertholetii [syn. peliorrhynchus] (Scarlet, June, 10 in.); L. Tetragonolobus (Purple, July-Sept., 6-12 in.).

Lupinus. L. confertus, L. Lyallii and L. ornatus are three miniature perennial Lupines suitable for the rock garden in the poorer soil on the sunny banks and propagate freely from seed. All are various shades of blue, flower from June to July, and grow from 8 to 12 inches high.

Luzula sylvatica (Wood Rush or Cuckoo Grass). This is a genus of rush-like plants sometimes useful for growing in the water garden at the moist edges of ponds and streams. They are, as a rule, propagated by means of division of roots in April. Another species is L. nivea.

Lychnis (Campion). This genus comprises hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials. Some two or three species are dwarf-growing and suitable for cultivation on walls or in crevices in the rock garden. These like a sunny position and a gritty loam. Our own alpine L. alpina is one of the prettiest. Above dense little tufts of foliage like that of the Armeria it throws up heads of charming rose-coloured flowers on stems some 4 inches in height. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, transplant the seedlings as soon as they are fit to handle, harden off and plant out in October or April. Protect from excessive damp by means of a sheet of glass in winter. Species. L. alpina (Rose, April-June, 4 in.); L. Lagascce (Rose and White, June and July, 4 in.), which likes a position on the moraine; andZ-. pyrenaica (White, June and July, 6 in.). L. fulgens grandiflora (Salmon, June-Sept., 12 in.), and L. X Haageana (Crimson, July-Aug., 12 in.), which are, strictly speaking, border plants, are also sometimes grown in the rock garden.

Lysimachia (Creeping Jenny, Moneywort, or Loosestrife). These herbaceous perennials do best in moist, rich, ordinary soil, and in semi-shade. The low-growing species make excellent subjects for carpeting in the rock garden, where they flower from June to September; the taller kinds are useful for the bog and marsh garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April or October, and plant out in permanent position at that time. No protection is required during winter. Species. (Tall) L. ciliata [syn. Steironema ciliatuni] (Yellow, 30 in.); and L. clethroides (White, 30 in.). (Dwarf) L. Nummularia aurea [Creeping Jenny] (Yellow, Trailer); L.japonica, var. minutissima (Yellow Pimpernel).

Lythrum (Purple Loosestrife). A genus of tall-growing hardy perennials, in appearance very like the Epilobiums. They will thrive in the shade in rich, sandy soil in the bog or marsh garden, and will flower from June to September. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April or propagate by means of division of roots in March, and plant out in permanent position. Species. L. Salicaria and vars. (Purple and Rose, 30 in.); andL. virgatum [Rose Queen] (Rose, 40 in.)

Macrotomia. See Arnebia.

Magnolia. The genus Magnolia comprises hardy and half-hardy, deciduous and evergreen shrubs, to which a good, deep, well-drained loam with ample leaf-mould and a sunny position are essential. They should be transplanted as little as possible, and should be pruned when required (which is but rarely) in summer. M. stellata, a hardy, dwarf-growing species (6-10 ft.) with beautiful delicate pink or white flowers, in shape much like a wine-glass, in March, makes a very attractive addition to the rock garden. A fairly sheltered site is, however, desirable. Culture. Plant in March, April, October, or November; propagate by means of grafting under glass in spring.

Maianthemum (Twin-leaved Lily of the Valley). Beautiful little hardy perennials with heart-shaped leaves that are carried in pairs. They may be effectively employed for carpeting in the rock garden, and like a mixture of moist loam and leaf-mould, also a shady position. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April or September, and plant out in permanent position at either of those times. No protection is necessary in winter. M. bifolium (5 in.), with white flowers like those of a small spiraea in June, is a good species.

Malva sylvestris (Marsh Mallow). This is a very attractive, tall-growing shrubby perennial, which from July to September bears beautiful mauve-pink flowers much like a single hollyhock. Its home is in the bog or marsh garden, and it is especially suitable for growing near the sea. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, take cuttings in August, or propagate by means of root division in March or October.

Mazus. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials of creeping habit and flowering in summer. Because of their masses of intertwined roots and small fern-like leaves, they are excellent subjects for carpeting in the paved garden, or for setting in crevices in the rock garden. They thrive in sunny positions in a mixture of well-drained, gritty loam and leaf-mould, but need ample water in summer. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots from April to September, and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. M. Pumilio (Purple-mauve); M. reptans (Mauve); and M. rugosus (Blue-mauve, May-June, 4 in.).

Meconopsis. The best of this popular genus are hardy herbaceous perennials or biennials. They should be planted in partial shade, and all, except M. sinuata, var. latifolia, like a moist root-run. These plants cannot stand a hot, dry atmosphere; it must be humid. They are quite hardy and need a rich, gritty, and deep leafy loam with the addition of a little peat, if possible. In most cases they have thick, hairy leaves and upright flower-spikes like those of a foxglove, only the flowers are very large, poppy-like, and of the most exquisite shades. The dwarfer-growing species make most attractive and graceful inmates for the rock garden. M. cambrica (The Welsh Poppy) (12 inches), with orange flowers, should not be forgotten for the wall garden. M. aculeata and M. punicea (Himalayan Poppy) are also well worthy of cultivation in the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or under glass in February or March, thin out, harden off, and plant out in groups of five or six in May. The perennials may be increased by division of roots in March although generally speaking they don't like disturbance. Nearly all seed freely and furnish ample young plants. Species. (Annuals and Biennials)- M. Delavayi (Deep Purple-blue, 6-9 in.); M. punicea (Dark Pink, 18 in.); M. simplicifolia (Sky Blue, 24 in.); M. sinuata, var. latifolia (Cambridge Blue, 24 in.); M. Wallichii (Sky Blue, 36 in.); M. integrifolia (Yellow, 18 in.). (Perennials) M. aculeata (Blue, 12 in.); M. bella (Azure Blue, 4 in., Alpine House); M. betonicifolia, var. Baileyi (Sky Blue, 36 in.); M. cambrica (Orange, 12 in.); M. chelidonifolia (Yellow, 24 in.); M. grandis (Deep Blue, 36 in.); M. paniculata (Yellow, 24 in.); M. quintuplinervia (Lavender Blue, 15 in.); M. regia (Yellow, 60 in.); and M. superba (White, 40 in.). The latter is a biennial or short-lived perennial. All flower from May to August.

Mentha (Mint). A large genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, which includes several useful little plants of very dwarf nature. These will thrive in crevices in the paved or rock garden. One of the best is M. Requienii, with its pretty little lilac flowers in the summer and minute foliage like that of the Arenaria balearica. The mints require a shady site and a moist, gritty loam. Propagation is best carried out by means of division of roots in March.

Mentzelia Lindleyi (Bartonia). A pretty little hardy annual, which makes a useful addition to the rock garden. It grows to a height of 15 inches and bears bright yellow flowers from June to October. Culture. Sow seed thinly J-inch deep in a warm, sunny position, or in gentle heat, from March to May, or in September. Thin out from 15 to 18 inches apart when fit to handle.

Menyanthes trifoliata (Buckbean). This is a hardy perennial, which thrives in ordinary soil and loves a sunny position in a bog or in still, shallow water. It grows to a height of about 12 inches, and the pink and white flowers are borne from March to June. Culture. Strike cuttings in mud in summer; plant out in March with from 6 to 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Mertensia (Lungwort). These are very beautiful hardy perennials, which grow well in almost any moist, cool soil with a little peat in it. They need partial shady positions. The rock garden species, which grow from 4 to 9 inches high and flower in June and July, require the addition of a quantity of grit to the soil. M. pulchellum is a suitable species for cultivation in the Alpine House. M. primuloides is an admirable plant for the moraine or wall garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April or September, preferably in April. All clumps should be lifted and divided triennially. Species. M. ciliata (Bright Blue, 18-20 in.); M. echioides (Blue, with Yellow Eye); M. elongata (Pale Blue); M. maritima (Pale Blue creeper); M. primuloides (Bluish-purple, Yellow Eye); M. virginica [syn.pulmonarioides] (Purplish-blue, Yellow Eye); and M. sibirica (Bright Blue, 18 in.).

Mesembryanthemum. See Ice Plant.

Mimulus (Musk or Monkey Flower). A genus of handsome and profusely-flowering hardy and half-hardy annuals and hardy perennials with singularly-shaped and brilliantly-coloured flowers, distinguished by their rich and strikingly beautiful markings. The annuals are useful for bedding or for growing in the Alpine House. The perennials are useful in the bog or marsh garden. They like a shady site, and a moist, rich soil; nothing suits them better than a bank at the edge of a stream. M. luteus, especially, makes an excellent plant for the marsh or water garden, while M. radicans, a creeping species, is equally valuable for the paved garden or Alpine House. The smaller species are much used for carpeting in the paved garden and for the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or from February to March, or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March. Cuttings can be taken in summer. In cold localities where the winters are severe, it is wiser to lift the roots in October and store them in a frost-proof frame for the winter. Species. M. ccespitosus (cushions of Yellow flowers, 4 in.); M. cardinalis (Scarlet, 24 in.); M. cupreus (Orange, 6-9 in.). (This species has a number of garden varieties ranging from Cream to Blood Red); M. Lewisii (Pink, 9-12 in., Alpine House); M. luteus (Yellow, Spotted, 15 in.); M. luteus, var. Burneti (Pale Brown); M. moschatus (Yellow, 6 in.); M. radicans (White and Violet, 3 in.); and M. ringens (Deep Lavender, 10 in.). All flower from June to August.

[Ward Lock In The Rock Garden At Wisley

[Ferry's Hardy Plant Farm Tropical Water Lilies

Miscanthus sinensis (Striped Zebra Rush). This is a hardy plant that can be used with great effect in the bog or marsh garden. It thrives in the sun, and should be planted on banks in any ordinary soil. It grows to about 40 inches high, and flowers from June to Sept. Another good species is M. sacchariflorus, which attains a height of from 7 to 8 feet and is very similar to the Bamboos. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant out in permanent position at that time.

Mitchella repens (Squaw Berry). A dwarf evergreen creeper with small whitish pink flowers on 2 inch stems followed by red berries. Likes to ramble along the edge of the more moist part of the rock garden footpath in semi-shade in a leafy, peaty, gritty loam. Propagate by division or by seed in spring.

Mitraria (Mitre Flower). These are half-hardy evergreen climbing shrubs with bright, glossy green leaves and pendant trumpet-like flowers. They will grow outdoors in mild localities in warm, semi-shaded, and sheltered situations, and are ideal for the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in April in a moist, peaty soil. To propagate, strike cuttings of young shoots in a frame in summer. M. coccinea (12-20 in.), with scarlet-orange flowers from May to July, is the best.

Morina (Whorl-flower). This is a genus of half-hardy and hardy herbaceous perennials, some of which make excellent subjects for the rock garden. These plants like a warm, sunny position and a rich, gritty loam; in exposed districts it is better to winter them in a frame. Sow in March, or propagate by offsets. Species. M. longifolia (Rose-purple) and M. persica (Red and White). Both flower from July to August, and grow to a height of about 30 inches.

Morisia hypogoea (Mediterranean Cress). This is a hardy little rock plant, which thrives in a well-drained, deep, gritty loam, and in a sheltered and fairly sunny spot on the moraine, in walls, in crevices in paving, or on rocky ledges. It is also a good plant for the Alpine House. The leaves form small rosettes of shiny, deep green fern-like foliage; the flower stems are only 2 to 3 inches in height, and in April and May carry golden-yellow flowers. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings and strike in sandy soil under glass or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October, and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter. This charming little plant should certainly be tried, as it is very easily grown, particularly in the Alpine House.

Muscari (Grape Hyacinth). These are hardy bulbous plants with masses of tiny, bright blue flowers arranged in clusters, like grapes, on small erect stems. They thrive in good loam and in warm, sunny situations, making excellent inmates for the rock garden amongst some of the more dwarf perennial creepers. Culture. Plant in September or October from 2 to 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart; lift the bulbs from the ground only when overcrowded. Propagate by means of offsets in October. Species. (Early) M. armeniacum (Deep Blue, 6 in.); M. azureum [syn. Hyacinthus azureus] (Light Blue, Feb.-March, 4 in.); M. botryoides (Dark Blue, 6 in.); M. botryoides album (White, Feb.-March, 6 in.), and M. moschatum [syn. macrocarpum (Brownish purple, 10 in.). (Late) M. comosum (Dark Blue, 10 in.); M. c. plumosum (Bright Blue, 10 in.); M. conicum (Sky Blue, April-May, 8 in.); M. latifolium (Pale Blue, 8 in.); M. racemosum (Deep Blue, April-May, 6 in.); and M. xTubergenianum (Oxford Blue, 5 in.). There are numerous varieties on the market well worth growing in the rock garden and Alpine House.

Myosotis. See Forget-me-not.

Narcissus. The genus narcissus includes many beautiful hardy bulbs, most species of which are excellent for introduction into the rock garden. The majority thrive in well-dug and well-drained ordinary soil, though some few, notably the Hooped Petticoat, the Cyclamen-flowered, and the Angel's Tears, prefer warm, deep, and moist sandy loam; the Polyanthus Narcissi like a rather stiff soil. Partial shade is desirable, but they will grow well in full sun. Culture. Plant from August to October, the sooner the better, 4 inches deep in heavy soil and 7 inches below the surface in light soil, and about 4 inches apart, making exception of small species, which should be 2 to 3 inches deep, and the May-flowering Double White Narcissus, which must be not less than 6 inches deep in well-worked moist loam. If used for naturalizing, the bulbs should be left in the ground, but in beds or borders they should be raised triennially in July. Do not cut down the "grass" or foliage until it is quite yellow and lying prone on the ground. If unsightly the bulbs may, of course, be transplanted after flowering to another site to allow this natural dying down of the "grass." Once lifted the bulbs should be spread out to dry, and when this has been effected, the leaves and dead roots may be removed, the bulbs then being stored in a cool, dry place. Propagate by means of offsets at lifting time, re-planting the offsets immediately in a reserve garden; seeds may also be sown in pans or boxes in August, but they take from four to six years to flower. See also chapter on Bulb Growing. Named Varieties. TRUMPET (Trumpet as long or longer than the perianth segments) (White) Beersheba; (Yellow) Golden Harvest; (Bi-colour; white or cream perianth with yellow trumpet) Horsfieldii. SHORT CUP or INCOMPARABILIS (Cup not less than one-third but less than equal to the length of the perianth segments; outer petals yellow or white, cup yellow or red) Dianna Durbin, Helios, and Sir Watkin. BARRI (Cup less than one-third the length of the perianth segments; bright coloured cups, perianths yellow or white) Bath's Flame, Firetail, and Verger. LEEDSH (Outer petals white, with white or pale yellow or cream cups, sometimes tinged pink) Claret, Daintiness, and Monique. TRIANDRUS or "ANGEL'S TEARS" (Short cup and reflexed outer petals) Moonshine, Shot Silk, and Thalia. CYCLAMEN-FLOWERED (Pale yellow with darker and very narrow trumpet) Narcissus Cyclamineus, var. February Gold and Garden Princess.

JONQUIL-FLOWERED Golden Sceptre, Golden Perfection, and Lanarth. TAZETTA or POLYANTHUS (These are all bunch-flowered and white with yellow cups) Cragford, Laurens Koster, and Paper White. POETICUS or POET'S (Petals white or yellow with red eye Dulcimer, Edwina, and Pheasant's Eye. DOUBLE Mary Copeland, Texas, and Twink. Narcissus for the Alpine House or selected places in the rock garden N. Asturiensis (Yellow, 3 in.); N. Bulbocodium (Rich Cream to Yellow, 6 in.); TV. B. citrinus (Bright Yellow, 7 in.); N. B. tenuifolius (Yellow, 3 in.); N. B. monophyllus (White, 4 in.); N. cyclamineus (Golden Yellow, 4-6 in.); N. juncifolius (Yellow, 3 in.); N. minor (Yellow, 6-8 in.); N. moschatus (White, 6 in.); N. serotinus (Creamy White, 4 in.); N. triandrus (Creamy Yellow, 6-9 in.); N. t. albus (Pure White form of the former); N. Watieri (White, miniature jonquil, 4 in.).

Nemesia. Half-hardy annuals, which bloom from June to September. The dwarf species, growing about 9 inches high, make very charming subjects for introduction into the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly under glass as soon as ripe or in March (60 F.), covering it sparsely with sieved sandy loam and leaf-mould. Thin out the seedlings as soon as possible, harden off in a cold frame, and plant out 4 to 6 inches apart in May. Species. N. strumosa (Red, Pink, Orange, Yellow, Blue, and White) and N. versicolor (White and Mauve). Named Varieties. Aurora (Red and White); Blue Gem; Cherry Red; Orange Prince; and Twilight (Mauve and White).

Nemophila (Californian Bluebell). This is one of the most charming and generally useful of all dwarf-growing hardy annuals. All species have a neat, compact, and uniform habit of growth, and the colour of the flowers is very beautiful. They are very hardy and grow from 3 to 9 inches high, flowering from July to September, and making excellent subjects for carpeting in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in light soil from March to June, covering it just lightly with soil, and thin out the seedlings to about 8 inches apart when fit to handle. Any good garden soil suits them, so does a sunny position, provided sufficient moisture is available in hot weather. A mulching of well-rotted and sieved manure will help them in summer. Species. N. Menziesii (Purple, Blue, White, blotched Black); N. M. discoidalis (Maroon and White); and N. M. insignis (Sky Blue, White Centre).

Nepeta (Catmint). Hardy perennials, which should be given sunny positions and ordinary soil. They are valuable plants for introduction into the wall or rock garden. They grow from 12 to 18 inches high, have greyish foliage, and flower from May to September. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn. Layering may also be effected, or cuttings, 3 to 4 inches long, of the creeping stems can be struck in August, wintered in a frame and planted out in April. No winter protection is necessary for matured plants. Species. N. Faassenii and N. Six Hills Giant, a tall variety (both Blue).

Nephrodium (Male Fern, Buckler Fern, Hay-scented Fern). A large genus of greenhouse and hardy ferns, some species deciduous, others evergreen, which grow from 10 to 50 inches high, according to species. The hardy sorts grow well in a compost of sandy loam and leaf-mould and in partial sun or shade, and are excellent subjects for the rock garden. Culture. Plant in March. Propagate by means of spores sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Nertera depressa (Coral-berried Duckweed). This is a dwarf-growing plant, rarely exceeding 2 inches in height, that creeps along the surface of the ground and roots as it runs. It carries a quantity of small, green, ovate leaves and tiny, greenish flowers followed by a rich covering of orange-scarlet berries, and is well worthy of a place in the Alpine House. N. depressa thrives in the shade and in warm, moist, sandy loam and leaf-mould, but must be taken inside in winter.

This plant is half-hardy. Culture. Sow seed in heat as soon as ripe or in March or April, or propagate by means of division of roots in spring.

Nierembergia (Cup Flower). Half-hardy perennials, which thrive in moist, rich loam, and in a sunny position. N. rivularis grows about 3 inches high and carries from June to August creamy-white, cup-shaped flowers streaked with purple. Its glossy green leaves form a flat cluster and it makes a useful little plant for carpeting or for growing on a ledge in the rock garden. It may also be grown with advantage in the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or take cuttings in August and strike in sandy soil under glass. Plant out in spring or early autumn. Protection is necessary in winter. N. ccemlea is another species with blue flowers on 6 inch stems requiring a little more care in the winter.

Nolana (Chilian Bell-flower). The nolana is a pretty little hardy annual of trailing habit with velvety, upright, bell-shaped flowers of blue or blue and white. They grow from 3 to 12 inches high, and are extremely valuable subjects for inclusion in the rock garden. Sow seed in March in light, gritty loam, and leaf-mould, and thin out the seedlings to 6 inches apart as soon as possible.

Nuphar. A genus numbering but a few species, among which is N. lutea, the Yellow Water Lily. This lily is hardy and, like all of its kind, may be grown with success either in a pond or in a slow-moving stream. The plant spreads over the surface of water and flowers from June to August. It likes plenty of sun. Culture. Sow seed in rich soil in a basket and sink it in the water in winter, or propagate by means of division of the roots in April. Plant from April to June in good loam, leaf-mould, and cow-dung in weighted openwork baskets; when planted there should be about ten inches of water above the crowns. The roots will soon find their way outside the basket and will make fresh growth around it. Species. N. advena and N. lutea. Both carry yellow flowers and grow from 12 to 18 inches high. See also the chapter on The Water Garden.

Nymphoides. See Limnanthemum.

Nymphaea. This is a genus of water-lilies, whose species may be grown and managed in the same way as Nuphar luteum. The hardy outdoor species have white, rose, orange, or yellow flowers, and among them is the common White Water Lily indigenous to Britain. Most species like a sunny, sheltered position in slow-moving water; those from hot countries require a hothouse. Culture. Sow seed in spring \ inch deep in rich loam in a basket under water, or propagate by means of division of crowns at any time between April and June and plant in rich loam, leaf-mould, and cow-dung in weighted openwork baskets sunk so that there is from 12 to 48 inches of water above the crowns, according to species. See also the chapter on The Water Garden, and for the best species and varieties.

Enothera (Evening Primrose). A genus of beautiful plants, annuals, biennials, and perennials, with large godetia-like flowers. Some of the dwarf-growing perennial species are suitable for the wall or rock garden. All thrive in rich, sandy loam, or in any good soil, and need sunny positions. CE. pumila (Golden-yellow, July, 6 in.) is a suitable species for cultivation in the Alpine House; and CE. rosea (Pink, June-Sept., 5 in.) may be grown in the paved garden.

Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, harden off the seedlings, and plant them out in their flowering position in May. Species. CE. acaulis (White, tinted Rose, 9 in.); CE. ccespitosa (White, tinted Rose, 9 in.); CE. glauca Fraseri (Yellow, 18 in.); CE. missouriensis (Yellow, 8 in.); CE. Nuttallii (White Creeper, 4 in.); CE. pumila (Golden-yellow, 6 in.); CE. rosea (Pink, 5 in.); CE. speciosa rosea (Pale Pink, 8 in.); and CE. tetraptera (CE. s. mexicana) (Rose 18 in.). All flower from June to October.

Olearia (New Zealand Daisy Bush). This is a genus of hardy and half-hardy evergreen shrubs, which reach a height of from 4 to 9 feet and carry clusters of white or pink, daisy-like flowers in late summer. They like a sunny position and a well-drained soil, and are well worthy of inclusion in a selection of shrubs for the rock garden, particularly on the southern and western coastal areas. For this purpose O. myrsinoides is especially good, also the more common O. Haastii, and O. macrodonta. Culture. Plant in May or October. Trim the bushes to shape when necessary in March. To propagate, sow seed in a frame in March, or strike cuttings in a frame in September.

Omphalodes (Creeping or Rock Forget-me-not, Navelwort). Beautiful hardy annual and perennial creeping and tufted plants, which grow from 6 to 12 inches high, make a dense carpet of pale green leaves, and carry forget-me-not-like flowers in the spring, summer, and early autumn. They like a semi-shaded, sheltered site in the rock garden, and love a moist, sandy, or gritty loam. O. linifolia is a dainty little hardy annual with greyish foliage and in July has white flowers on stems some 9 inches in height. Culture. (Annuals) Sow seed in the open in March, and thin out the seedlings when fit to handle. (Perennials) Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. No protection is necessary in winter, but slugs will do much damage unless kept in check. Species. (Annuals) O. linifolia (White, July, 9 in.). (Perennials) O. cornifolia (O. cappadocica) (Porcelain Blue [White Eye], May-June, 9 in.); O. Lucilice (Lilac-blue, June-Sept., 9 in.); O. verna (Porcelain Blue, April-May, 6 in); and O. verna alba (White, April-May, 6 in.).

Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern). This is a hardy, deciduous fern that grows from 10 to 15 inches high and thrives in sandy loam and leaf-mould in a cool, moist site in the rock or bog garden. Culture. Plant in March. Propagate by means of offsets in March, or raise from spores sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Ononis (Rest Harrow). Hardy shrubby perennials, the dwarf-growing species of which, such as O. fruticosa (Pale Pink, June-July, 12 in.); O. rotundifolia (Pink, July-Sept., 18 in.) and O. spinosa (Rose-purple, July-Sept., 10 in.), thrive in sunny situations in the rock garden, and in almost any light soil. The flowers are in shape like those of the pea. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in September and strike in sandy soil under glass, or divide the roots in March. Plant out in March or early autumn in their flowering positions. No protection is necessary in winter.

Onosma (Alpine Comfrey). A large and showy genus of hardy perennial rock plants, which grow well on hot, sunny ledges or walls and in dry, well-drained, gritty loam to which peat and sand have been added. They hate damp situations and should be protected by means of a sheet of glass in winter. The onosmas grow from 4 to 10 inches high, and in June and July carry tubular flowers in bunches on short nodding stems above very hairy, silvery-grey foliage. Species. O. albo-roseum (White, tinged Rose); O. cassium (Cream, 10 in.); O. ccespitosum (Orange); O. echioides (Pale Yellow, 9 in.); O. sericeum (Creamy-yellow, May-June, 6-8 in.); and O. stellulatum, var. tauricum (Lemon-yellow).

Orchids (Hardy). Many people still look upon orchids as plants that can only be grown by those wealthy people who possess large hot-houses. This is, luckily, quite a misconception, for there are, besides those orchids that may be kept in the cool house, very many beautiful hardy and easily-grown species, that may be used to beautify the low-lying parts of the rock garden, or the bog garden. They certainly should not be overlooked, for they are lovely and very interesting plants, and what is more, in most cases, give but little trouble. Their colours range from purple through mauve, pink, brown, yellow, green, to white, and the greater number of them flower between May and September, and grow best in well-drained, moist, peaty loam, leaf-mould and sand. Partial shade is preferred by most of them, and they should be planted in March and April, or in September and October when they have finished flowering. Most orchids are propagated by division of roots at the time of planting. The following list, which only gives a few of the more easily-grown and most interesting species, shows the conditions, both as to soil and aspect, most favourable to each kind, together with other cultural details.

Calopogon pulchellus (Grass Pink Orchis). This grows to a height of 18 inches, has purple or yellow flowers in June and July, and likes an open but semi-shaded site in the rock garden and moist, peaty soil. Plant in March.

Calypso borealis (Calypso Orchis). Only 5 inches in height, this orchid bears pink and yellow flowers in June and July, and likes a semi-shaded site in the bog or rock garden and peaty leaf-mould and sand. Plant in March.

Cephalanthera erecta (alba) (White Helleborine). This grows to a height of 9 inches and has white flowers. Plant in March or September in a shady situation in moist, peaty leaf-mould and sand.

Cypripedium acaule (Lady's Slipper). This grows to a height of 6 inches and has rose and purple flowers. Other hardy cypripediums are: C. Calceolus (15 in., Brown and Yellow); C. californicum (12-24 in., Yellow and White); C. candidum (10 in., White and Greenish-brown); C. japonicum (6-12 in., Pink, White and Green); C. macranthon (9-12 in., Rosy-purple); C. montanum (10 in., Brown, Red, and White); C. parvifiorum (10-20 in., Purple and Yellow); and C. specta-bile [syn. regince] (30 in., Pink and White). All flower from May to July, and like a sheltered, semi-shaded site in the rock garden and moist, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Plant in April or September.

Epipactis Royleana [syn. giganted] (Helleborine). This grows to a height of 15 inches and carries brown and red blooms. Other hardy species are: E. latifolia (18-24 in., Purple-green) and E. palustris (10-15 in., Rose-pink and White). All flower in summer, except E. latifolia, which blooms from August to September. They like a shady site in the bog or rock garden and moist, peaty, and sandy loam. Plant in March.

Goodyera pubescens (Adder's Violet). This grows some 6 to 10 inches high and has white flowers from May to September. It likes a shady site in the rock garden, and well-drained, peaty leaf-mould and sand. Plant in March.

Habenaria bifolia (Butterfly Orchis). The flowers of this are white and green. Other hardy kinds include: H. ciliaris (Yellow) and H. fimbriata (Purple). All bloom from May to July, and grow from 12 to 15 inches in height. They like a partially shaded site and moist, sandy peat. Plant in April or October.

Listera ovata (Tway Blade). This orchid grows from 12 to 18 inches in height and has green flowers in May, June, and July. It likes a partially shaded site in the rock garden and moist leaf-mould and peat. Plant in September.

Ophrys apifera (Bee Orchis). The height of this plant varies between 10 and 18 inches; its flowers are purple, brown, yellow, and are borne in June and July. O. muscifera (Fly Orchis) has brown, yellow, and blue flowers in May and June and reaches a height of 7 inches. The Ophrys like a sunny site and moist, chalky loam and leaf-mould. Plant in September or October.

Orchis maderensis (Madeira Orchis). This reaches a height of 20 inches, has purple-rose flowers from May to July. Other species: O. hircina [Lizard Orchis] (12-24 in., Green and White, June-July); O. latifolia [Marsh Orchis] (20 in., Pale Purple, May); O. maculata [Spotted Orchis] (10-12 in., Mauve or White, May-June); O. pyramidalis [Pyramid Orchis] (12 in., Rose or Purple-red, June); and O. spectabilis [Showy Orchis] (5-7 in., Purple-rose, May-June). All like a sunny site, except O. latifolia and O. spectabilis, which prefer shade. They need a moist loam to which has been added well-rotted cow-dung and leaf-mould. Plant in March or September.

Serapias Lingua (Tongue-flowered Orchis). This orchid grows to a height of 12 inches and has purple and red flowers in May and June. It likes a shady site and does best in well-drained, peaty loam and leaf-mould. Plant in Sept. or Oct.

Spiranthes spiralis (Ladies' Tresses). This orchid grows from 6 to 8 inches high and carries white flowers in late summer. It likes a sunny site in the rock garden or on grassy slopes. Plant in light loam in September or October.

Origanum (Marjoram). These are hardy herbaceous perennials, some of which are excellent subjects for sunny crevices and ledges in the rock or wall garden. They grow from 6-20 inches high and, from June to September, carry bracts of glistening rose-pink flowers. The leaves are small and rounded. The origanums thrive in moist, sandy loam and leaf-mould. There are many species some of which, like the very hairy leaved O. Dictamnus, are best suited for the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in the summer and strike'in sandy soil under glass, or divide the roots in March or October. Species. O. Dictamnus (Pink, 6 in.); O. pulchellum (Rose Pink); O. pulchrum (Pink); and O. sipyleum [syn. O. s. hybridum] (Pink).

Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem). The species belonging to this genus are numerous and consist of various bulbous-rooted plants bearing for the most part white or yellow star-like flowers. Some are hardy and fitted for the open; others are half-hardy and better suited for indoor culture. Of the hardy species such kinds as the dwarf-growing O. umbellatum (10-15 in.) with white flowers streaked with green, in May, could be employed effectively in the rock garden.

It grows well in ordinary soil in sun or semi-shade. Culture. Plant from September to October, 3J inches deep and 3 inches apart, and protect from frost in winter. Propagate by means of offsets.

Orontium aquaticum (Golden Club). This hardy aquatic plant grows well in sun or shade in slow-moving water. The leaves float on the water surface and the yellow flowers appear in May and June. Propagate by means of root division in March, and plant with from 6 to 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Osmanthus. This is a genus of hardy evergreen shrubs, some of which resemble hollies. Culture. Plant in May or September in sandy loam and in sun or partial shade. No pruning is necessary, but long straggling shoots should be cut back in June. To propagate, strike cuttings of ripened shoots in a frame in September, or layer in summer. O. Delavayi (White, March and April, 4-6 ft.) is the best species.

Osmunda (Royal Fern). The osmunda genus includes hardy and Alpine House ferns; some evergreen, others deciduous. The height of the different species varies from 1 to 8 feet. O. regalis is hardy, and does well when planted by the water-side in partial shade and in a sheltered position in peaty loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Culture. Plant in March. Propagate by means of offsets in March, or raise from spores sown under glass. See also Ferns.

Othonna cheirifolia (Othonnopsis cheirifolia). A creeping plant loving a peaty soil with ample drainage where its roots may run and from which it can send up its beautiful orange yellow daisy-like flowers on 12 inch stems. Propagate from seed in the spring or better by taking cuttings and rooting in pots or frames.

Ourisia. These are small hardy perennials with crinkled, heart-shaped foliage. They are of creeping habit, and are best grown in moist, rich, sandy peat in the shade, and are excellent for moist ledges in the rock garden. O. coccinea (7 in.), with scarlet, trumpet-like flowers from May to September, is the, best species. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter.

Oxalis (Cape Shamrock, Wood Sorrel). A genus of pretty hardy or half-hardy annuals, perennials, and bulbous plants; all of which have beautiful green clover-like foliage, in some cases glaucous and crinkled, which forms a fine contrast to their richly-coloured blossoms. Several of the hardy dwarf-growing kinds are admirably adapted for culture in the rock garden. They require a gritty loam to which peat or leaf-mould has been added, and a warm, dry position in semi-shade. O. adenophylla (Wood Sorrel), 5 inches, which has lilac-pink flowers with a dark eye from May to July; O. Bowiei (Rose Red, May-July, 9 in.); O. cernua (Yellow, April-May, 6 in.); O. Deppei (Rosy Red, May-July, 6 in.); O. enneaphylla, 4 inches, with pale pink or white bell-shaped flowers from May to September; and O. lobata, 4 inches, with yellow flowers from May to September, are the best rock garden species. The last-named-plant likes a sunny position at the base of a rock. O. adenophylla and O. magellanica, are beautiful little plants with pink and white flowers on 2 inch stems above the shamrock like leaves. They make attractive little plants for the Alpine House. O. Acetosella rosea, 4 inches, with purple foliage, is a delightful little flower for the paved garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April or October, and plant in permanent position.

[Ward Lock Oxalis Enneaphylla

[Ward Lock Phlox douglasii, var. Boothmans

Oxytropis. A large genus of leguminous plants one of which we will mention as suitable for the rock garden, namely O. montana, with its deep blue flowers tinged with yellow on 6 in. stems, in June. May be grown from seed sown in pots, then planted out in the limestone moraine.

Pansy (Heartsease). See Viola.

Papaver (Poppy). This popular and beautiful genus includes hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials. These should be grown in the sun and will do well in almost any soil, though a deep, rich loam is best. P. alpinutn, a biennial with glaucous grey leaves, which grows to a height of from 4 to 6 inches and carries yellow, salmon, white, or orange flowers from May to September, is a delightful and fairy-like subject for the moraine, or for ledges in the rock garden. It needs an exposed, open position and a gritty loam, and is raised from seed sown in autumn. It does not transplant well on account of its long tap-roots, and needs protection from excessive damp in winter. The dwarf-growing varieties of P. nudicaule (the Iceland Poppy), 6 to 12 inches, with orange, yellow, buff, salmon, or white flowers from May to September, are also extraordinarily attractive little plants. Another dainty little plant is P. triniifolium also suitable for the moraine or Alpine House, with pale purple flowers nestled on a rosette of silvery foliage. All dead flowers must be picked off, or the season of blooming will be greatly reduced. Only specially selected seed pods should be allowed to ripen to provide next year's plants. The last-named are not true perennials and are best raised from seed sown each year.

Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus). Hardy perennials worthy of a position in the bog, marsh, or water garden. P. fimbriata, P. nubicola, and P. palustris, which grow from 5 to 10 inches high and from June to August carry white flowers, are the most suitable species. They like a shady and moist position in bog or at the water margin, and do best in a deep, peaty, or boggy soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in autumn, or propagate by means of division of roots in April.

Paronychia. These are little creeping plants, with pretty silvery foliage and white or greenish-white flowers supported in white glistening bracts. They are very attractive when planted in the paved or rock garden, and do best in the sun and in gritty loam. Propagation is best carried out by means of division of roots in March, by cuttings struck under glass, or by seed. P. argentea, a grey foliaged creeper for planting on the scree or over the small alpine bulbs in pans in the Alpine House, P. capitata (Silver Foliage), P. kapela (Grey-green Foliage), and P. serpyllifolia (Green Foliage) are good species.

Peltandra virginica (Water Arrow Arum). This is a beautiful hardy aquatic plant which thrives in the sun and in ordinary soil at the water's edge. It grows from 24 to 36 inches high, and the greenish-white flowers are borne in May and June. Propagate by means of division of roots in March, and plant out in permanent position in from 6 to 12 inches of slow-moving water.

Penstemon (Beard Tongue). The penstemon genus contains a large number of graceful herbaceous perennials, both dwarf and tall. The dwarf species are excellent subjects for the rock garden. These grow from 3 to 9 inches high and flower from June to October. They love the sun and a warm, sandy loam with a third-part of humus in it; in cold districts the more tender need a sheltered position and protection from frost. Culture. Sow in fine soil in boxes under a glass (50 F.) as soon as the seeds are ripe or early in March. Prick off the young seedlings as soon as possible into other boxes, place them near the glass, harden off gradually, and plant out; or sow seed in the open late in April or in May. If preferred, take cuttings of side shoots (three to four joints of young growth with a "heel") in August, and strike 3 inches apart in sandy soil in a cold frame. Water well and keep in a close atmosphere for a fortnight or three weeks. Syringe the cuttings overhead early in the afternoons if the weather is warm, and plant out in permanent position in April. Species. P. acuminatus (Lavender-blue); P. alpinus [syn. P. glaber) (Purplish-blue, 9 in.); P. angustifolius (Sky-blue); P. ccespitosus (Lilac-blue, 3 in.); P. Davidsonii (Lilac-purple, 3 in.); P. erianthera (Purple, 8 in.); P. Hartwegii [syn. gentianoides] (Pale Violet-blue); P. hetero-phyllus (Blue, 18 in.); P. Icevigatus (Pale Lilac); P. Menziesii (Violet, 6 in.); P.xNewberryi (Rose Purple, 12 in.); P. Roezlii (Lilac Blue, 9 in.); P. rupicola (Rosy Red, 4 in.); P. xScouleri (Lavender-blue). Varieties. (White or Carmine-scarlet) Southgate Gem; (White or Carmine) Newbury Gem; (Scarlet) Chester; (Scarlet, White throat) Castle Ford; (Rose, 3-4 in.) Weald Beacon.

Pernettya (Prickly Heath). Hardy evergreen shrubs, which grow from 2 to 6 feet high and flower in July bearing in autumn and winter small but brilliant, red, pink, or white globular berries on stems covered with small sharp-pointed leaves. They do well in moderate sun and in cool and moist, well-drained peaty loam, and are very attractive if set in prominent positions in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in March or October; no pruning is necessary. To propagate, sow seed in a frame in March, take cuttings in summer, or divide the roots in autumn. Species. P. mucronata alba (White); P. m. coccinea (Scarlet); and P. m. purpurea (Purple).

Petasites. These are hardy herbaceous plants, with large leaves similar to those of the Coltsfoot. Almost any moist soil suits petasites well, though they are best treated as weeds in any but the largest gardens. The most popular species is P. fragrans, the Winter Heliotrope, which grows some 10 inches high and in late winter carries lilac flowers. P. japonicus giganteus, which grows about 4 feet high, is an attractive tall species. Propagate by means of division of roots in February or March, or seed can be sown in May or June.

Petrocallis pyrenaica. A small cruciferous plant from the Pyrenees with numerous flowers from white to pale blue on 2 to 3 inch stems on cushions of Draba-like foliage. This plant requires a position in the moraine, covered by glass in winter or in the Alpine House. Propagate by seeds sown when ripe or by division in July or August.

Phacelia. These are dwarf-growing hardy annuals carrying masses of pretty, bell-shaped flowers from May to August. They like a sunny or semi-shaded position and ordinary soil, and are useful for introduction into the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, and thin out the seedlings to 6 inches apart when fit to handle. Species. P. campanularia (Deep Blue, 8 in.); P. sericea (Bright Blue, 8 in.); and P. tanacetifolia (Pale Mauve, 20 in.).

Philadelphia (Mock Orange or Syringa). Beautiful hardy deciduous shrubs often confused with the Syringas, the latter being the generic name for the Lilacs. They grow well in sunny positions and in any good garden soil; some of the dwarfer kinds are frequently grown in or behind the rock garden. Culture. Plant in October or November; thin out the shoots well immediately after flowering, and cut back old and weak wood of the previous year to the young lateral growths at the base. If the bushes are much overgrown, cut them hard back in March. To propagate strike cuttings in a frame in September. Species. o P. coronarius and varieties (White); P. microphyllus (White); P. Lemoinei and varieties (White-pink); P. L. virginale (White, Double); and P. L. purpureo-maculatus (White Petals, stained Purple).

All these flower from May to August, and grow to a height of from 3 to 10 feet.

Philesia magellanica (syn. buxifolia). A beautiful little shrub for the rock garden is hardy except in the more severe parts of this country. It forms a bush some 2 to 3 feet in height with sturdy stems carrying dark green leaves, glaucous white underneath, supporting lovely crimson-red tubular bell-like flowers some 2 inches long in June. Culture. Grow in a mixture of peat, leaf-mould, a little loam and silver sand in some moist sheltered corner. It is somewhat difficult to propagate except by layering or by division.

Phlox. This is a magnificent genus of annuals and perennials which need a certain amount of sun and enjoy an open position, but one sheltered from strong winds and the fiercest sun. The dwarf perennials or Mossy Phloxes are excellent subjects for the rock and wall gardens. These make large mats of evergreen foliage that become smothered with bloom from May to July. They like a well-drained, gritty loam with plenty of sand and peat in it. After flowering trim back some of the more straggling shoots. P. subulata (Moss Pink) has compact evergreen foliage, and has numerous varieties; may be grown to advantage on a wall, or in the Alpine House, see p. 42. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or October and plant out in permanent position, or take cuttings in July and strike in sandy soil in a shaded frame. P. paniculata (40 in., Various Colours, July-Oct.) is a tall-growing species worthy of a place in the bog or marsh garden. Species. P. adsurgens (Salmon Pink, 4-6 in.); P. amcena (Carmine-pink, 6 in.); P. divaricata (Lavender-blue, 6-12 in.); P. Douglasii (Lilac Blue, 3 in.) and varieties, Lilac Queen and May Snow being self descriptive. P. ovata (Red, 10 in.); P. stolonifera [syn. reptans] (Rose), and P. subulata (Pink, Mauve, Blue, and White, 4 in.). Varieties. Betty (Deep Pink); Camla (Salmon Pink); Daisy Hill (Rose); Fairy (Pale Lilac); G. F. Wilson (Lavender Blue); Marjorie (Pink); Sensation (Deep Rose Pink); Temiscaming (Purple); Vivid (Salmon-rose).

Phormium (New Zealand Flax). Handsome tall-growing perennials with large, sword-like leaves arranged in clumps around tall stems 5 or 6 feet in height, carrying Yucca-like heads of crimson or yellow bells from June to September. They require a fairly sheltered, sunny position and a well-drained loam. They make showy plants for moist banks in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Sow seed in a frame in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. P. tenax, var. robustum (Yellow, 60 in.) and P. tenax (Crimson, 70 in.) are the best species.

Phyllodoce [syn. Bryanthus]. A genus containing a number of small delightful evergreen ericaceous shrubs of trailing habit and heath-like foliage carrying small bell-like flowers from March to May. They thrive in a sunny or partially shaded position in moist well-drained sandy peat, leaf-mould and loam, free from lime. Culture. Plant in October or March. No pruning is required and propagation is best done by cuttings taken in August and struck in a frame under glass in sandy peat or by layering where they are growing with a little additional sand. Species. P. aleutica (Pale Yellow, 9 in.); P. caerulea (Violet, 4 in.); P. empetriformis (Pink, 6 in.); and P. erecta (Rose Pink, 6 in.).

Phyteuma (Horned Rampion). This genus consists of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials. The dwarf-growing species may be grown in sunny sites in the rock garden in a rich, gritty loam. P. comosum, 5 inches, with pale-blue bottle-shaped flowers sitting lightly down amongst the foliage in June and July, perennial; P. Halleri (Violet, 6 in.); P. orbiculare (Purple, 6-20 in.); P. Scheuchzeri, 12 inches, with blue flowers in May and June, are hardy perennials; P. comosum makes an attractive plant for a wall or for the Alpine House, also P. hemisphxricum (Sky Blue, 4 in.) and P. pauciflorum (Violet, 2-3 in.), see p. 42. Culture. Sow seed in April, or propagate (perennials) by means of division of roots in spring or autumn.

Phytolacca americana [Syn. P. decandra] (American Poke-root). This plant is a tuberous-rooted perennial for growing near the bog garden. The pinkish-white flowers are borne in summer, and are followed by spikes of dark-blue berries which are very dangerous, particularly to children. To propagate sow seed in March under glass or divide the roots and plant out in spring or autumn in any rich soil.

Picea (Spruce). These hardy evergreen coniferous trees grow best in well-drained moist leaf-mould and loam, andin sunny positions. There are dwarf-growing species, such as P. Abies (syn. excelsa) conica; P. A. compacta; P. A. dumosa; P. A. globosa nana; P. A. pumila glauca; P. A. pygnuea; P. orientalis, var. nana; and P. pungens, var. compacta, which make striking little trees for prominent positions in the rock garden. Culture. Plant from October to November or in March and April; no pruning is required. Propagate by means of cuttings taken in September and struck round the edge of a pot filled with sandy leaf-mould and plunged in a frame, or by layering.

Pieris (Lily of the Valley Bush). Hardy evergreen shrubs, which like a moist, non-calcareous soil consisting of peaty loam and sand, and which do best in a sheltered position in sun or partial shade. They grow to a height of from 3 to 6 feet, and carry showy racemes of flowers, usually white, in spring and early summer. These shrubs make striking subjects for the bog or marsh garden in a dryish position. Culture. Plant from September to October. Do not prune, but keep the bushes in shape by means of "stopping" and removing dead flowers in May. Propagate by layering in autumn. Good kinds are P. floribunda (White, April-May, 5 ft.); P.formosa (White, April-May, 3 ft.); and P. japonica (White, March, 4 ft). See also Andromeda.

Pinguicula (Butter-wort, or Bog Violet). These are hardy little perennial bog plants, which are easily grown in moist, peaty loam, and in a sunny position where they will spread out their rosettes of yellowish-green leaves ready to catch the unwary insect on their glutinous surface. P. vulgaris (Bog Violet) should be included among the plants grown in the Alpine House, see p. 42. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April. Species. P. alpina (White); P. grandiflora (Blue); and P. vulgaris (Purple-violet). All carry tiny, gloxinia-like flowers in April and May, and grow to a height of about 3 to 6 inches.

Rhododendron, Pink Single (Azalea)

Dry Wall At Wisley

Pinks. See Dianthus.

Pinus (Pine). A large family of hardy evergreen coniferous trees, growing, according to species, from 4 to 200 feet high. Very attractive dwarf-growing species for the rock garden are P. montana, var. pumilio (Mountain Pine); P. densiflora, var. aureo-variegata growing 4 to 14 feet in height. They like a sunny position and prefer light loam, but will grow well in most soils. Culture. Plant in March or September when from 2 to 3 feet high. P. radiata [syn. P. insignis], an admirable plant for the seaside, requires protection in winter when young. No pruning is required in the case of any of the pines. Never plant them in a smoky city.

Platycodon (Chinese Bell-flower). These are hardy herbaceous, tuberous-rooted perennials, which do best in well-drained, deep sandy loam, and in open but shady positions, and are attractive plants for the rock garden. They grow from 10 to 25 inches high, and flower in July and August. P. grandiflorus, with glaucous foliage and deep blue flowers, and P. g. Mariesii, 10 inches, with white and blue flowers, are good kinds. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or divide the roots in March or October. No protection is necessary in winter.

Platystemon californicus (Californian Poppy, or Cream-cups). Hardy annuals with glaucous green foliage and in the summer carrying pale yellow flowers on long slender stalks some 10 inches in height. They like a sunny position and a light soil, and are useful subjects for the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April and thin the seedlings out to 3 inches apart when fit to handle. Do not transplant.

Plumbago Larpentae. See Ceratostigma plumbaginoides.

Podophyllum (Duckfoot, or May Apple). These hardy herbaceous perennials thrive in partial shade and in moist, peaty loam, and are plants that are well worth including in the bog and marsh gardens. They grow from 10 to 30 inches high and in May carry purple or white flowers on stems rising amid large leaves like those of the horse-chestnut. The flowers are followed by reddish fruit. Propagate by means of division of roots in April. P. emodi and P. peltatum, both pinky-white and growing to a height of 18 inches, are to be recommended.

Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder, or Greek Valerian). Hardy herbaceous peren nials, some of the dwarf-growing species of which are delightful for the rock garden. These rock garden species, which are tufted in habit, need partial shade and a compost of gritty loam and leaf-mould in the higher and drier parts of the garden. Culture. Seed may be sown in the open in April, but propagation is usually carried out by means of division of roots in March or November.

Species. P. carneum (Pink, June-July, 15 in.); P. confertum (Pale Blue, June-July, 6 in.); P. humile Richardsonii (Blue or White, June-July, 6 in.); P. melliturn (White, June-July, 6 in.); P. reptans (Slate-blue, March-June, 12 in.); and P. viscosum (Blue, May-June, 4-6 in.).

Polygala (Milk-wort). These delightful little plants, mostly shrubby evergreens or hardy perennials with small, roundish dark green leathery leaves, thrive in a mixture of cool, moist, and gritty loam and peat or leaf-mould. They need partial shade and sheltered positions, and are excellent for the rock garden. Culture. Perennials are propagated by seed sown in the open in May and June, or by division of roots in March or September. Shrubby Species. These are increased by cuttings of young shoots struck in coarse sand in a propagating frame in spring. Species. P. calcarea (Purple, Blue, Mauve, or Rose, May-Sept., 3 in.); P. Chamcebuxus (Yellow and White, June-July, 3 in.); and P. C. rosea (Rose, May-July, 5 in.).

Polygonatum (Solomon's Seal). Hardy perennials like tall Lily-of-the-Valley plants with large, roundish leaves attached to the flower-stems. The best known is P. multiflorum. They will thrive in almost any soil and situation, and are useful for moist banks in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Propagate by division in March or October. Seed may also be sown in the open in April.

Polygonum (Knot-wort). This is a large genus including hardy annuals, hardy and half-hardy perennials, shrubs, climbers, and trailers. P. affine [syn. P. Brunonis\ with rose-pink flowers in late summer, is one of the best for covering stretches of otherwise barren stonework. P. vaccinifolium, with spikes of rose flowers in late summer and autumn, is another excellent trailing species for the rock garden. They require no protection during winter. P. sachalinense (Knotgrass), which grows some 8 feet high and in the summer bears white flowers, is useful for planting on moist banks in the bog or water garden. These are all perennials, and are best propagated by means of division of roots in March or October. Seed may also be sown in the open in March or April.

Polypodium (Polypody, Oak Fern, Beech Fern). Some of these ferns are hardy, others are only half-hardy. There are both evergreen and deciduous species; all are very ornamental, and grow from 6 to 15 inches high. The hardy sorts, which are extremly attractive when grown in the rock garden, do best in shady, sheltered positions and in dry, sandy, fibrous loam and leaf-mould with a little sandstone but no lime in it. Plant with the rhizomatous roots on the surface of the soil in April. Propagate by means of division of roots in April, or spores may be sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Polystichum [syn. Aspidium] (Shield Fern). A large genus of hardy and Alpine House deciduous and evergreen ferns, including amongst the hardy species: P. acrostichoides (Christmas Fern, 18 in.); P. aculeatum and vars. (Hard Shield Fern, 30 in.); P. angulare and vars. (Soft Prickly Shield Fern, 30 in.); and P. Lonchitis (Holly Fern, 9-18 in.). All may be grown in the cool, shady rock garden. Culture. Plant in April in rich sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagate by means of spores sown under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Pontederia cordata (Water Plantain or Pickerel Weed). These hardy perennial aquatic plants spread over the surface of water and from June to October bear blue flowers in fine tufts. After flowering they sink their heads in the water till the seed is ripe. They like a sheltered position and a good loam in still, shallow water. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant out with from 2 to 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Poppy. See Papaver.

Portulaca (Purslane). These half-hardy plants, many of them annuals, which grow about 6 inches high and flower from June to September, are nice little plants for the rock and wall gardens. P. grandiflora, with purple, red, yellow, or white flowers, is the best known. Culture. Sow seed thinly in April in the open, or under glass as soon as ripe, or in March, and thin out the seedlings or transplant to 6 inches apart in May and June. They require a sunny site and a sandy soil. Their fleshy leaves will take on a pinkish tinge in autumn, forming a background to a mass of brilliant flowers. See also Calandrinia.

Potentilla (Cinquefoil). A genus of plants, some species of which bear a resemblance to the strawberry in flower and have also a similar manner of propagation. Many species, however, are of a low-growing and shrubby nature; others are hardy perennials. All do well in sun or shade, and the dwarfer species, such as P. alba (with White flowers); P. ambigua (Yellow flowers, 4-6 in.); P. argentea (Bright Yellow, 12 in.); P. aureafl. pi. (Gold, 3-4 in.); P.fruticosa, var. davurica (with White and Yellow flowers); P. nitida (with pale Pink flowers); P. nepalensis, var. minor [syn. Tonguei] (Orange, spotted Crimson); and P. villosa (Yellow), all of which grow from 4 to 9 inches high and flower from May to September, are worthy of a place in the rock garden. They thrive in deep, sandy loam and in rocky crevices or on the moraine. P. alba and P. nitida are also useful for the paved garden. P. verna, var. nana (Bright Yellow Creeper) and P. villosa are somewhat tender and need protecting with glass during the winter. Culture. Sow seed in light loam in spring; increase by division of roots in March or October, or strike cuttings of well-ripened shoots in a frame in autumn. The old and dead wood should be thinned out in September.

Pratia. These are hardy herbaceous dwarf-growing plants of creeping habit, which thrive in sandy peat and leaf-mould and in sunny positions on well-drained banks in the rock garden, and which from May to August carry small white, pinky-white, or blue flowers on 3-inch stems. Culture. Sow seed in heat in sandy loam and leaf-mould as soon as ripe or in March; take cuttings in August and strike in sandy soil in a frame; or propagate by division in spring.

Species. P. angulata (White); P. begonifolia (Bluish Pink); and P. linneeoides {see Lobelia linneeoides) (Pinky-white), are good species. P. angulata is also a suitable plant for the bog or marsh garden.

Primula. A large genus, including over three hundred known species, also some of the most popular flowers, the auricula, the cowslip, the polyanthus, and the primrose. In the greenhouse, in the Alpine House, in the rock garden or bog garden, in beds, and growing wild in the woods, the primula is one of the most useful plants that exist. The species are very varied in their characteristics. In some the leaves are lobed and are borne in rosettes; in others they are elongated. The foliage of many is downy and crinkled; while several species have glossy, bright green leaves. The formation of the bloom is equally varied; some species carry their flowers in whorls and tiers, others singly. In a few cases the flower stems are 2 feet or more in height; in others the blooms appear to rest on the ground itself, so short are the stalks. The majority thrive in rich, deep loam, and appreciate the admixture of old mortar-rubble, leaf-mould, grit, and well-decayed cow-manure with the soil; they are all moisture-lovers, but must have a well-drained soil. The majority like partial shade, unless unlimited moisture is available in hot weather. The alpine, or rock-loving section, love a deep vertical crevice into which their roots can penetrate. Let them have ample soil in the crevice, but scarcely any up round their necks. The rains of the winter are apt to wash the soil from the roots of those not firmly embedded in crevices, and the frosts may also raise them from the ground. In the early spring, therefore, firm the soil around the crowns of these plants, and top-dress them with sifted loam and leaf-mould.

Culture. Nearly all primulas sow themselves profusely, and as some of them are biennial in character, it is advisable always to have some seedlings in hand. Sow the seed in pots or pans under glass as soon as ripe in May, in a compost of equal parts of loam, leaf-mould, and sand, all sieved through a -inch mesh, and well mixed; cover thinly with fine sandy soil and keep in a temperature of 60 F. until they germinate and have grown their first two leaves then gradually bring the temperature down. The seeds, like those of many other alpines, germinate better if sown as soon as ripe. If kept until the following spring, they lose much of their vitality, and in some cases do not come up for a year or more. Prick off the seedlings 1 inch apart into pans as soon as possible, and pot up singly into 3-inch pots or pans; harden off, and keep on a bed of ashes in a shaded frame; plant out in September or early October. Propagate also by means of division of roots in September or in spring. See also Auricula.

Alpine primulas are of great value in the rock garden and the bog garden. In the following list we have divided them into two classes. The first group thrives among the rocks in rich loam and, therefore, is admirable for the rock garden proper; the second class loves a cool, moist, but well-drained soil, and is suitable for the bog or marsh garden. Each species, however, has different minor requirements, and these are shown, as far as space will permit, in the list referred to. Alpine primulas should be raised from seed, as described above, or increased by division of roots after flowering. Although, strictly speaking, mostly of perennial nature, alpine primulas are very prone to die off in the rock or bog gardens. A few young plants should, therefore, be raised annually from seed, as above described, to replace casualties. Many of these alpine primulas should be selected for cultivation in the Alpine House. These are best grown in shallow pans 4 to 5 inches in diameter and in a compost of 2 parts of fibrous loam to 1 part of leaf-mould, silver sand, and well-rotted manure. Many of the easier grown should be re-potted annually after flowering though there are some with wiry root stocks which do not like being disturbed and we suggest that a top dressing of chippings and soil is all that is necessary. Stand in a cold frame or under a north wall in summer so as to rest them, keep fairly dry in autumn and winter, pinching off any flower buds that form; then transfer to the cool Alpine House for flowering. A little soot water may be given from time to time while the buds are forming. Discard the plants after flowering, except in the case of choice species.

Alpine Primulas For The Rock Garden

PrunellaP[syn. Brunella] (Self-heal). These are dwarf-growing hardy perennials, that do best in moist, light, and rich soil, and in sunny situations in the rock garden. They grow from 6 to 9 inches high and flower from July to September. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or September and plant out in permanent position. Species. P. grandiflora (Purple, Red, Blue, or White, 8 in.); P. vulgaris laciniata alba (White, 6 in.); and P. Webbiana (Deep Magenta, 9 in.) [a garden hybrid].

Pteridophyllum racemosum. This is a minute plant in the poppy family, though seeming very far removed from it. It forms dense little tufts, and looks for all the world like a small Asplenium or Lomaria. Stems, 3 to 8 inches in height, rise from the foliage and from these hang tiny ivory-white flowers. This is a useful plant for the Alpine House, and must be grown in a shady place and in a damp, well-drained, peaty and sandy loam and leaf-mould.

Pterocephalus Parnassi. Pretty little perennial rock plants with tufts of greyish foliage and pale violet flowers from June to September. They grow from 4 to 6 inches high and are useful for carpeting or for sunny ledges with a deep and cool root-run in well-drained gritty loam and leaf-mould. Seed may be sown in March under glass, or cuttings may be taken in early autumn.

Pulmonaria (Lungwort). These are hardy herbaceous perennials, growing from 6 to 12 inches high and flowering in April and May. They like a semi-shaded position and light, rich, gritty loam, and are useful subjects for planting in crevices in the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots or cuttings in the spring or autumn, and plant out in flowering positions at those times. They require no protection in winter. Species. P. angustifolia (Light Purple, April, 12 in.); P. a.y var. azurea (Light Blue, April, 12 in.); P. montana (Magenta, April, 12 in.); P. officinalis (Deep Red to Violet, April-May, 12 in.).

Pulsatilla. See Anemone.

Puschkinia (Striped Squill). Hardy bulbous-rooted scilla-like plants, which grow about 6 inches high and flower in April and May. They thrive in deep, rich, sandy soil, mixed with leaf-mould, in warm sunny corners in the rock garden. P. scilloides, var. libanotica, which is the best-known species, has hyacinth-like blue or white flowers striped with blue, and carries twelve or more on one spike. Culture. Plant the bulbs in October 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart; protect with fibre in winter, and lift from the ground triennially.

Putoria calabrica (Calabrica). A small evergreen spreading dwarf shrub, 8 to 10 inches in height, somewhat similar to Daphne Cneorum, bearing clusters of small pink flowers from June to August. Culture. Propagate by layering or by cuttings taken in the late summer and autumn and "planted in sandy leaf-mould. Plant out the following spring in a moist position in the rock garden in leaf-mould, peaty loam and sand.

Pyracantha (Fire Thorn, Evergreen Thorn, or Crataegus pyracantha). Very beautiful half-hardy evergreen climbing shrubs, which in autumn, when covered with their brilliant scarlet, orange, or yellow berries, fully justify their name of "Fire Thorn." They grow best in any good light loam against sunny walls facing south, and can be very striking, if well placed in the bog or rock garden. All bear white flowers from May to June. Culture. Sow seed when ripe, or strike cuttings in summer. Plant from October to April; trim the bushes to shape in early spring, but clip them as little as possible, or much bloom and berries will be sacrificed. Species. P. angustifolia (Orange Yellow Berries, October, 6-12 ft.); P. coccinea (Bright Red Berries, October, 6 ft.); P. c, var. Lalandei (Orange Red Berries, October, 8 ft.); P. crenulata, var. Rodgersiana (Orange Yellow Berries, October, 6 ft.). Requires a protected position on the south side of the rock garden.

Pyrola (Winter Green). This genus contains several pretty little dwarf-growing perennials of the Heath family, with spikes of flowers very like those of the Lily of the Valley. P. chlorantha (Pale Yellow), P. elliptica (White), and P. minor (Pink), all flowering in summer and growing about 3 inches high, are good species for the rock garden. P. rotundifolia (White) grows from 6 to 8 inches high and is the more common of the species. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in spring, or sow seed. A semi-shaded site is desirable for they are woodland plants growing best in the protection of the dwarf Rhododendrons or Azaleas, also gritty, peaty loam and leaf-mould.

Ramonda (or Ramondia) (Pyrenean Primrose, Rosette Mullein). A small, hardy perennial whose foliage forms large, hairy evergreen rosettes of crinkled leaves. It thrives in the shade or partial shade or northerly aspect, in a mixture of cool, well-drained loam, sand, peat, and leaf-mould, and is one of the best plants for the rock garden or Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed in slight heat as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April and plant out in a crevice with the rosette of foliage lying so that its centre points out horizontally. This will allow the rain and melting snow to drain from it. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. R. Heldreichi [syn. Jankcea Heldreichi] (Pale Lavender); R. pyrenaica [syn. R. Myconi] (Pale Purple-blue, Orange Centre); R.p., var. alba (White); R.p. rosea (Pink); R. serbica (Mauve); and R. s. Nathalice (Light-blue). All flower from May to July, and grow from 2 to 4 inches high.

Ranunculus. A large genus of annuals, perennials and tuberous-rooted plants, including the common buttercup, most species of which thrive in partial shade, and in moist, deep, well-dug, rich sandy soil with ample leaf-mould in it. The dwarf-growing kinds are splendid plants for the moraine, if grown in good loam to which has been added ample coarse sand and a little well-decayed cow-dung and leaf-mould. The alpine species cannot stand a position in which the soil dries up quickly and they need ample water in summer. R. aquatilis and R. Lingua are very valuable for the water garden. They are best planted in boggy soil in November, see Cultural Details, p. 114. R. aconitifolius is a taller species that may be grown with advantage in the bog or marsh garden. R. alpestris is the best of the high alpine species. It is vigorous, and all through the summer carries masses of white flowers almost an inch in width. Culture. {Perennials) Propagate by means of division of roots in November or April; the plants should remain in position for several years, as they hate having their roots disturbed. {Tuberous Species) There are a large number of catalogued varieties of R. asiaticus, many of them double, which make excellent plants for the bog garden. Plant the tubers, claws downwards, 2 to 3 inches deep and 4 to 6 inches apart, early in March, surrounding them with sand and charcoal. Lift the tubers after flowering. Species. R. aconitifolius fl. pi. (White [Double], May-July, 24-30 in.); R. anemonoides (Rosy White, May, 4-6 in.); R. aquatilis (White, May and June, 2-12 in.); R. Lingua major (Yellow, June-Aug., 30-50 in.); R. alpestris (White, May-Aug., 4 in.); R. amplexicaulis (White and Gold, May-Aug., 6-10 in.); R. crenatus (White, June, 3-4 in.); R. glacialis (White, Pink, June, 4-6 in.); R. gramineus (Pale Yellow, May-Aug., 10 in.); R. Lyallii (White, June, 15-18 in.); R. parnassifolius (White, May-Aug., 5 in.); and R. rutifolius [syn. Callianthemwn rutifolium] (White, May-Aug., 5 in.).

Raoulia australis. This is a compact little creeper with silvery-grey foliage and inconspicuous flowers, which makes a very pretty carpet plant for some hot, dry, stony place. It likes a sunny position and gritty loam and leaf-mould. Seed may be sown in March under glass, or propagation can be carried out by means of division of roots in April or May. Species. R. glabra (small creeper) and R. lutescens (Silvery small creeper) are excellent for the Alpine House or carpeting on the moraine.

Retinospora. See Cupressus and Chamaecyparis. Chamcecyparis obtusa, var. nana, which is an attractive species for the rock garden, is frequently grown, under the name of Retinospora.

Rheum (Rhubarb). These are hardy herbaceous perennials, which grow from 2 to 8 feet in height and flower in July and August. The ornamental rhubarbs, which thrive in moist, deep, rich loam, on sunny banks in the marsh of the water garden, are grown chiefly for their foliage. R. Collinianum, 3 feet, with crimson flowers, and R. officinale, 8 feet, with yellowish-white flowers, are useful species. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of the crowns in March or November.

Rhododendrons. Closely allied to the Azaleas which, generally speaking, are deciduous whilst the Rhododendrons are evergreen though botanically they are all Rhododendrons. Among the most handsome and finest of all our flowering shrubs are the hardy rhododendrons. Species of rhododendrons are to be found in the wild state in such diverse situations and in climates so opposed that it is not difficult to select subjects that will thrive in any garden, whatever its situation or aspect. The dwarf alpine species grow high up on the mountain sides, and are most suitable for the rock garden. They need but little shade. The habit and growth of many of the smaller bushy species will depend on the situation or climate afforded them. If grown in an exposed site open to all weather, they will form dense flat-topped masses from 3 in. to a foot in height. There are also species, such as R. viscosum, 1 to 4 feet, with pink flowers from May to July, which make excellent subjects for the bog or marsh garden.

Most hardy species thrive best in a position sheltered from north and east winds and in semi-shade, and prefer thoroughly-trenched and well-drained, moist, peaty loam, but will grow in almost any soil deficient in lime or chalk, providing it contains ample decaying vegetable humus, and is sufficiently porous. A number of the alpine species and varieties make beautiful additions to the Alpine House collection, namely R. intricatum, and the smaller varieties. Most species flower in May and June, but a few early kinds bloom in March and April.

Rhododendrons

We have selected a number of species and varieties and submit a very brief description as to colour, height and whether deciduous or evergreen. For the larger species and varieties the majority of shrub catalogues will provide ample for the reader to select from.

Rhododendrons bear frequent transplanting so long as the "ball" of earth round their roots is not broken. They are surface-rooters and except for the alpines do not like growing on steep banks where the roots will be likely to parch up in summer. Except in the case of numerous catalogued varieties, which will grow in full sun, they prefer a light shade; rhododendrons require some sun, which should, however, be intermittent; these shade conditions are best supplied by bushes planted among the rhododendrons. In addition to the hardy and half-hardy species, there are choice Alpine House kinds, which require moist warmth all the year round. When purchasing rhododendrons care must be taken that the species chosen are suitable for the situation and climate.

Culture. Plant and "heel-in" the larger species and varieties very firmly in October or November, or at any time in winter and spring, up to May, providing the soil is not water-logged and that there is no frost. When planting add some well-rotted cow-dung, but keep it well away from the roots; fresh stable manure must not be used. If the weather is dry, soak the hole well before planting, and in any case a little leaf-mould or surface peat should be placed at the bottom for the roots to rest upon. Bushy species should be set 3 to 6 feet apart, and smaller lime-hating subjects, such as azaleas, zenobias, and heaths, can be used to fill the gaps until the rhododendrons have grown a bit. Do not prune young bushes, merely keep them in shape by means of "stopping" and removing dead blooms immediately after flowering. When it is necessary to cut back old and straggling plants, do so in March. Top-dress the plants annually in March with some good leaf-mould, and every second or third year give a 2-inch top-dressing of well-rotted cow-manure in autumn or in May.

Propagation. To propagate hybrids, graft (stock R. ponticum) under glass from January to May, layer well-matured shoots in late summer, or take cuttings. Species may be increased by means of seed sown thinly in pans in March or April, in a compost of equal parts of well-sieved leaf-mould and coarse sand in a cold frame.

Most species including the alpines may be raised from cuttings of semi-matured shoots, struck in a frame with bottom heat, and practically all species can be layered in summer.

Rhodothamnus Chamaecistus. These are dwarf-growing, ericaceous, evergreen shrubs that carry pretty, pale-pink flowers from March to May. The leaves are edged with spines and the plants, which grow from 6 to 12 inches in height, do best in a well-drained, peaty soil, and are most pleasing subjects for semi-shaded sites in the rock garden.

Rhodohypoxis Baurii. This small genus of plants which like a moist situation on the verge of the bog or rock garden in sandy leaf-mould and loam or grows well in pans in the Alpine House produces small carmine flowers amidst the spear-shaped foliage on 3 to 4 inch stems throughout the summer.

Rodgersia. Hardy perennials growing 4 feet high and in June or July bearing pink or white flowers amidst very coarse horse-chestnut-like leaves. They thrive in partial shade in a moist border of peaty soil by the water's edge. Propagation is usually carried out by means of division of roots in March. R. cesculifolia (Pink) is a good species.

Roses. There are only a few of the dwarf-growing species of this large genus which one could call alpines for the rock garden, and among them we have Rosa alpina pyrenaica, a crimson-flowered rose, only attaining a height of about 2 feet. With this may be grown Rosa Seraphinii, a Corsican native, which is trailing in habit, and only reaches a total height of about 10 or 11 inches. It bears bright pink single flowers in June, at the ends of the shoots. It has an added beauty in its curious fern-like leaves, and altogether the plant is a useful addition to the rock garden. Rosa nitida is another of these dwarf roses with very lovely foliage, which in summer is a dark shining green, but which changes to purple in the autumn. As its spines are thickly set and of a clear red, and the flowers pink, it makes a fine piece of colour throughout the summer and autumn. It spreads very quickly and strongly by means of underground stems. Rosa Roulettii is another delightful little species, about 6 to 8 inches in height with rosy pink flowers, which will grow in the Alpine House or the Rock Garden. There are a few hybrids for example R.xLawrenceana, R.Xpumila with pink flowers and R. x Peon, dark pink, all between 4 to 6 inches in height which may be grown in the same way as R. Roulettii.

Soil. The very best soil for roses is a deep loam and leaf-mould, well-drained. The black, ill-drained soil of the town garden, very porous, and over-full of organic and inorganic matter is the soil which roses, as well as many other plants, really dislike. Peaty soils, if rich in character, are quite good for roses, a general rule being that the more gravelly or sandy a soil, the less favourable for the rose. Gravel has had a bad reputation for roses, but it is not altogether deserved. It is usually considered too dry and hot for roses to thrive in, but really, if a little care is taken to improve it, it will grow very good roses. Chalk, providing that it is deep enough below the surface, and that there is a good depth of soil on top, is not a bad subsoil.

Situation. Roses like shelter from wind, but they like an open situation where they are not over-shadowed by big trees. The spot to look for, then, is one sheltered from frosts and violent winds, the north and east particularly.

Planting. Early November is the best time of all for this operation, though it may be done right through the winter should conditions be favourable until the end of March.

Propagation. The best method of propagating the Alpine House and Rock Garden Rose is by means of cuttings taken from the main stem when half-ripe, with a heel, and struck in sandy leaf-mould and loam in the frame in August, or by layering.

Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary). These are hardy, shrubby perennials with aromatic evergreen leaves, which like a sunny position and a light, dry soil, but which will do well almost anywhere. The bushes grow from 3 to 6 feet high and flower in April and May. R. o.prostratus is a trailing shrub suitable for growing in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in March or September; trim the bushes to shape after flowering. To propagate, sow seed in the open in April, or strike cuttings in July.

Rubus (Bramble, Raspberry, etc.). A large genus of hardy deciduous shrubs and climbers, including the ordinary blackberry, loganberry, and raspberry. Some of the dwarf-growing kinds are occasionally introduced into the rock garden, chiefly for the beauty of their tinted foliage and brightly-coloured berries in autumn. They are not an alpine the collector requires owing to their trailing and spreading nature and the thorns they are apt to leave behind when their dead wood is being removed. One of the best is R. australis. These like a shady position and rich loam. Culture. Plant in October; cut out old and dead wood after flowering. Propagate by means of suckers in the autumn.

Rydbergia grandiflora [syn. Actinella grandiflora]. A beautiful North American Alpine, flowering about 6 inches high in May to June, upon cushions of fern-like foliage when it displays on single stems a daisy-like flower of bright orange about 2 inches in diameter. A very useful plant for a sunny position on the moraine or in the Alpine House. Propagate by means of seed sown when ripe or by division in the autumn. This plant will grow in practically any good garden soil.

Sagina (Pearl-wort). These are very charming little plants with tufts of moss-like foliage and white flowers in the summer. They are of creeping habit, and should be planted in the sun in gritty loam. These plants should certainly be introduced into rock and paved gardens. Propagation is best carried out by means of division of roots in the spring. S. pilifera and S. pilifera aurea are the best known.

Sagittaria (Arrow Head). Hardy aquatic plants, which thrive in a mixture of clay, sandy loam, and rotted manure. They grow from 10 to 30 inches high and flower from June to October, according to species. S. sagittifolia [syn. S. japonicd] (White, 30 in.) is one of the best kinds; there is also a double variety. S. latifolia, var.florepleno (White, June and July, 12 in.) is also useful. Culture. Sow seed i-inch deep in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March. Plant in March in weighted baskets in still, shallow water with from 6 to 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Salix (Willow). A genus of hardy deciduous trees, excellent for growing near a pond or stream. S. babylonica is the common Weeping Willow. There are a few species with brightly-coloured stems such as S. ccerulea; these are usually cut hard back annually in spring. Many of the dwarf willows, such as S. arbuscula, S. Bockii, S. herbacea, S. purpurea nana, and S. retusa, are very ornamental in the rock garden, and if possible should be grown in a site with a northern or eastern aspect.

Culture. Plant in October in a sunny position and in moist soil at the water's margin or in deep, heavy loam. Pruning, except when the trees are cut hard back annually as mentioned above, is not necessary, but dead wood should be cut out. To propagate, strike cuttings of matured wood in the open in November or any winter month up to the beginning of March.

Salvia. This large family of sages, many are only half-hardy, includes but few suitable for the rock garden. They are more suitable for the bog garden verge in rich moist soil. Culture. Plant out in April or May after propagating from cuttings or dividing the clumps in the autumn or spring. Species. S. Bulleyana (Yellow with Purple markings, June-July, 12-18 in.); S. nipponica (Whitish Blue, June-Aug., 6-12in., Alpine House or Moraine); and S. chamcedryoides (Brilliant Blue, June-Aug., 6-12 in.).

Sambucus (Elcler). This is a genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees bearing in summer white flowers followed by umbels of dark purple berries from which home made wine may be made. S. nigra is the Common Elder. S. canadensis (Canadian Elder) and S. c. maxima (American Elder) are suitable subjects for planting in the bog or marsh garden. Culture. Plant in October in partial shade, and in moist loam, or, if need be, in almost any soil and situation. Cut well back in spring. To propagate, strike cuttings in the open in October.

Samolus repens. A small creeper with pale pink flowers which would fill a corner at the base of the rock garden in well-drained moist leaf-mould, grit and loam. Culture. Sow seed in March or April in a pan and cover very thinly with soil. Plant out in September or April. A lovely little plant for the Alpine House.

Sanguinaria (Blood-root). Hardy herbaceous perennials, which like a moist, sandy loam enriched with ample leaf-mould and a sunny position in the rock garden. They grow 6 inches high and in spring bear large, anemone-like flowers. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October, and plant in permanent position. S. canadensis has white flowers.

Santolina (Lavender Cotton, Holly Flag). Hardy evergreen plants with soft grey aromatic foliage and shrubby growth. They bear yellow flowers from June to August, and like a dry ordinary soil and a sunny position. S. Chamcecy-parissus [syn. S. incand] (10 in.) is a nice little plant for the wall garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March, or take cuttings in July, and strike in sandy soil in a frame.

Sanvitalia procumbens. This is a rather pretty hardy annual of trailing habit, that from June to September carries masses of yellow flowers with purple centres. It grows about 6 inches high, and is well worthy of inclusion in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly J-inch deep in April; thin out the seedlings to 8 inches apart when fit to handle.

Saponaria (Soapwort). This genus includes attractive little hardy annuals of tufted habit and a few perennials, the creeping species of which are excellent for carpeting the ground with their mounds of foliage and pretty little star-like flowers during the summer and autumn months. They are particularly suitable for draping the boulders in the rock garden. The saponarias like a sunny position and dry, light, gritty, well-drained loam, and bear cutting back, if necessary, for a late autumn display. The hardy perennial trailer S. ocymoides, var. rubra compacta, or the Rock Soapwort, flowers so profusely as to present to the eye a sheet of crimson. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots (perennials) in April or October. Species. {Annual) S. calabrica (Rosy-red, June-Oct., 6 in.). {Perennials) S. x Boissieri (Pink, May-June, 3 in.); S. ccespitosa (Rosy-pink, June-Sept., 4 in.); S. cypria (Pink, May-June, 3 in., Alpine House); and S. ocymoides and S. o. alba (Rose or White, May-July, 6 in.).

Sarracenia (Huntsman's Horn). These are half-hardy insectivorous perennials growing from 6 to 20 inches high and flowering in June. Their leaves are in shape like huntsman's horns standing erect and some 6 inches to a foot in height, down which inquisitive blow-flies are lured and then absorbed. The Sarracenias like a sunny position and a fairly cool but moist compost of half-peat and half-sphagnum moss. S. purpurea (Purple, 10 in.) is a quaint species for a moist bank in the bog or marsh garden. It is best propagated by means of division of roots in April.

Satureia. See Calamintha alpina.

[Ward Lock Saxifraga Altissima

Saxifraga Altissima Saxifraga "Edie Campbell"

Saxifraga (Saxifrage, Rockfoil). This genus is a very large one and includes numerous species of which there are many varieties, and the group is also swelled by a seemingly endless number of hybrids. In addition, this genus is the most useful among alpine plants, for with it alone one could almost furnish the whole rock garden, so varied are the species both in characteristics and habit. Of the species in cultivation the majority are perennials, which are very hardy and easy to grow. They vary in height from 2 inches to 3 feet, according to species, and furnish bloom from January until October, though the majority flower in May and June. There are kinds that will suit any position in the rock garden. Some love the shade; others require a rocky crevice in the sun; a few thrive in the moraine, in the paved garden, or in the Alpine House; and yet others do best at the side of a pond or stream. The species are grouped into a number of sections; all the plants in one section are of more or less the same habit and have approximately similar wants. We will give the cultural requirements of each section and a list of a few of the chief species in each group, for the Saxifragas with their species and varieties would take a book to themselves. By far the most important sections are, first, the Encrusted or Silvery Saxifrages (Euaizoonia), and, secondly, the Mossy Saxifrages (Dacty hides).

Euaizoonia (Encrusted or Silvery Saxifrages). The broad leaves of the species in this section, which includes S. Aizoon and vars., S. Cotyledon and vars., and S. lingulata and vars., are glaucous green or silvery in colour and are edged with encrustations of silvery wax. They form silvery-grey rosettes, large or small, according to species, which go to make up rounded cushions that gradually envelop the rocks, or which form wide greyish carpets from which in spring and early summer rise tall panicles of white, pale pink, or yellow blossom. These encrusted saxifrages are the easiest to grow of all the great family, and are happiest in the crevices of limestone rocks, on a wall, or in the moraine, but will do quite well almost anywhere when given a rather gritty and very stony soil, and a warm, sunny site; they hate a damp, over-shady place. Seed can be sown when ripe in pans of light compost in a frame, or the roots can be divided at any time in summer. Species. S. Aizoon (Creamy-white, spotted Rose, 6 in.); S.xA. balcana (White spotted Pink, 6 in.); S. x A. baldensis (White, 2 in.); S. x A. lutea (Yellow, 6 in.); S.xA. Rex (Creamy-white, 8 in.); S.xA. rosea (Pink, 9 in.); S. cochlearis (White, 3-10 ins.); S. Cotyledon (White, 18 in.); S.xC. Cater-hamensis (White spotted Pink, 24 ins.); S.xC. pyramidalis (Magnificent White Sprays speckled Pink, 3 ft. in length); S. florulenta (Rose-purple, 10 in.); S. Hostii [syn. elatior] (White, spotted Pink, 15 in.); S. lingulata (White, 15 in.); S. longifolia (White, 25 in.); S. x /. Aigrette (White, 15 in.); S. x I. Symons Jeunei (White, 30 in.); S. x /. Tumbling Waters (White, 24 in.); and S. mutata (Golden, 18 in.). All flower from May to July.

Dacty hides (Mossy Saxifrages). The moss-like foliage of this charming section of the family, which include S. decipiens and vars., and S. hypnoides and vars., which would appear to predominate the group for hybrids or varieties, form low, dense, bright green masses, which in May and June are profusely decked with large white, rose, red or yellow flowers. These plants must have partial shade from scorching sun, and love ample leaf-mould in their soil. They will grow in almost any well-drained soil, but prefer a compost of gritty loam, leaf-mould, and sand, and should be given a cool position in semi-shade. If placed in a sunny spot, they will be scorched up and will consequently bear but few flowers. Care should, therefore, be devoted to the selection of site. They will die off if they get too much damp in winter, and should, therefore, be given a well-drained slope. Increase by division of roots in late summer, or sow seed in spring in gentle heat. Species and Varieties. S. decipiens [S. ccespitosd] (Red to White, 6 in.); S. decipiens, var. Clibranii (Crimson, 5 in.); S. hypnoides (White, 5 in.); S. moschata [S. muscoides] (White, Yellow or Red, 4 in.); S. m. Rhei (Rose-pink, 5 in.); S. m. sanguinea superba (Deep Scarlet, 5 in.); S. x Sir Douglas Haig (Dark Crimson, 6 in.); S. trifurcata [syn. S. ceratophylla] (White, 4 in.); 5. x Triumph (Scarlet, 4-6in.); and. Camposiisyn. Wallacei] (White, 4 in.). All flower from May to June.

Kabschias ("Cushion" or Tufted Saxifrages). This is another most useful section, including S. Burseriana and vars., S. x Elizabethan, S. x Kestonensis, and S. marginata and vars., in which the close, hard, and horny scale-like foliage makes little domes of silver, grey, or green, covered from March to June with brilliant flowers of white, pink or golden yellow on wiry stems from 2 to 3 inches in height. These plants need an open and cool, but fairly sunny site, facing preferably east or west, in the rock garden. The most suitable compost consists of two-thirds limestone chippings and one-third gritty loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Above all, the soil must be well drained and ample moisture should be available in summer; indeed, no place suits the Kabschias better than the moraine or the Alpine House. The species in this section are not so easily grown as those in the first two groups. Many of the plants in the open must, in winter, be given the protection of a frame-light, or a sheet of glass, and in spring should be mulched with a little of the above-mentioned compost. Increase by division of roots after flowering, by cuttings in the spring or autumn, or raise from seed in gentle heat as soon as the seeds are ripe or in spring. The following are but a few of the species and varieties: S. x apiculaia (Pale Yellow, March-May, 4 in.); S. x Boydii (Yellow, March-May, 3 in.); S. Burseriana and vars. (White or Yellow, Feb.-April, 4 in.); S. ccesia (White, May-July, 2 in.); S.xCranbourne (Rich Pink, 1 in.); S. diapensioides (White, April-May, 3 in.); S.XElizabeths [syn. Cherry Tree] (Citron-yellow, March-May, 4 in.); S.xFaldonside (Yellow, April, 4 in.); S. Grisebachii (Purple-crimson, April, 5 in.); S.xHaagii (Rich Gold, 3 in.); S.xKestonensis (White, April-May, 4 in.); S. lilacina (Lavender-rose, April-May, 2 in.); S. media (Purple, April, 3-4 in.); S. Rocheliana and vars. (White, March-May, 5 in.); S. x Salomonii (White, April, 3 in.); S. sancta (Yellow, April, 4 in.); S. scardica (White, May, 3 in.); S. x Frederici-Augusti [syn. S. thessalicd] (Red and Purple, May, 2-6 in.); and S. Stribrnyi (Purple, May, 6 in.).

Porphyrions. This is not a large section, but a very delightful one, and includes such favourites as S. oppositifolia and vars. and S. o. pyrenaica. The plants are mostly about 2 inches in height some less and in spring bear their large and brilliant blooms on very short, stumpy, creeping stems; they are, unfortunately, rather shy in flowering. The leaves are deep green, small, and form a dense prostrate mat. Give these plants a cool position in partial shade and a well-drained compost of moist, gritty loam and leaf-mould. Mulch annually in spring with a little of the above compost, and water liberally in spring and early summer. They make beautiful additions to the Alpine House collection. Increase by division of roots. Species. S. oppositifolia and vars. (Crimson-purple, March-May, 2 in.); S. o. latina (Rosy Purple, 2 in.); S. o. pyrenaica (Deep Purple, March-May, 2 in.); and S. retusa (Rose, May-July, 2 in.).

Englerias. Some species and varieties in this section, which includes S.x Bertolonii and S. calyciflora [syn. media], have dense, horny foliage; in others the leaves form thick, silvery rosettes from which from March to May the small pendant flowers, usually purple, red, or yellow, rise on stems 2-5 inches or so high. This section would appear to hybridize easily with the Kabschias, consequently it is difficult to place the hybrids in either group. They love warm, fairly sunny crevices between the rocks, and will do best in a light, calcareous gritty loam that is always just on the moist side. Propagate by seed sown in gentle heat as soon as ripe or in spring, or divide the roots after flowering in summer. They do well on the moraine or in pans in the Alpine House. Species and Varieties. S.x Bertolonii (Purple); S. calyciflora [syn. media] (Pink); S. x Clarkei (Rose Pink, 3 in.); S. Grisebachii is now placed by many in this group; S. x Gusmusii (Yellow, 3 in.); S. xHoffmannii (Pink, 3-4 in.); S. xMarie Therese (Rich Pink, 3 in.); S. x Kellereri (Pink, 5 in.); and S. x Kewensis (Reddish Pink, 2-3 in.). All flower from January to May, and grow to a height of from 2 to 6 inches.

Megasea (Giant or Large-leaved Rockfoils). These may be known by their large size and the expanse of evergreen foliage. They carry large heads of flowers and are excellent herbaceous border plants. They thrive in sun or semi-shade and in ordinary garden loam, and may be propagated by seed sown in gentle heat in the spring, or by division of roots in the autumn. Species and Varieties. S. crassifolia (Pale Pink, 15 in.); S. cordifolia (Rose-red, 12-18 in.); S. ligulata speciosa [syn. megasea] (Purple-rose, 12-24 in.); S. purpurascens (Deep Purple, 12 in.); and S. Stracheyi (Pink and White, 10 in.). All flower from April to June. (Saxifraga syn. Bergenia).

Diptera. This section likes a sunny position in the Alpine House, and needs a light, gritty loam and leaf-mould. Propagate by means of seed, by division of roots, or by layering. Species. S. cuscutceformis (White, June, Trailing); S. Fortunei (White, June-July, 10 in.); and S. sarmentosa [Mother of Thousands] (Yellow or White, June-Sept., 10 in.).

Robertsonia. These are evergreen, and like a shady position and a light, gritty loam. Propagate by means of seed (gentle heat) as soon as ripe or in the spring, or by division of roots in the summer. Species and Varieties. S. cuneifolia (White, 5 in.); S. umbrosa, var. primuloides (Rose, 5 in.); and S. umbrosa and vars. [London Pride] (Rose and White, 10 in.). All flower from May to June.

Trachyphyllum. These thrive in semi-shade and in moist, gritty loam. Propagate by means of seed (gentle heat) sown as soon as ripe or in spring, or by division of roots in summer. Species. S. aizoides (Yellow sometimes Pink spotted, 2-6 in.); S. a. atrorubens (Dark Red, 3-6 in.); and S. aspera (Yellowish White, 4-6 in.). All flower from May to June.

Scabiosa Pterocephala. See Pterocephalus Parnassi.

Schizocodon. Pretty little evergreen plants of tufted habit, which thrive in shady, sheltered sites in the rock garden. They love a moist but well-drained compost of two-thirds sandy leaf-mould and peat and one-third loam, together with some grit and charcoal. S. soldanelloides, with rose-coloured, fringed soldanella-like flowers in summer, is the best known; it grows about 4 inches high. Seed may be sown under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagation can be carried out by means of division of roots in the spring, or by rooted offsets in late summer.

Scilla (Squill). The species of this genus are very numerous and are easily grown, the best known being S. nonscripta [syn. S. nutans\ otherwise the Bluebell or Wild Hyacinth. They are hardy, spring-flowering bulbous plants with the exception of S. autumnalis which throws up pink flowers from September to October, most species of which do well if massed in warm, sunny sites in the rock garden. Among the most attractive species are: S. bifolia, 6 inches, with white, pink, or blue flowers in February and March; S. italica, 8 inches, with blue flowers in May; S. sibirica, 6 inches, with blue flowers in March; and S. verna, 4 inches with bright blue flowers, in April. Culture.- Plant in September or October 2\ inches deep and 4 inches apart in good garden or sandy soil. Propagate by means of offsets in September except with S. autumnalis which should be planted much earlier in May or June.

Scirpus (Bulrush). This is a class of hardy perennial marsh or aquatic plants, of which S. lacustris, the Common Bulrush, is the best known. Culture. Propagate by means of divisions of roots in March, and plant out in shallow water at the edge of a pond or stream. S. lacustris, var. zebrina (Porcupine Rush), which only grows about 3 feet high, is the more suitable to small gardens.

Scolopendrium [syn. Phyllitis] (Hart's Tongue Fern). This genus contains both hardy and greenhouse ferns, which grow from 5 inches to 2 feet in height. The hardy sorts thrive in sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould, with a little old mortar rubble in it. They should be planted in the shade in a sheltered spot in the rock garden, or on a moist bank in the bog or marsh garden. S. vulgare is the common Hart's Tongue fern. Culture. Plant in April. Propagate by means of division of roots in April, or sow spores under glass in July. See also Ferns.

Scutellaria (Skull-caps). These pretty little rock plants grow in poor, shallow, and dry soil, and from August to October carry pink, blue, purple or yellow flowers on 6- to 10-inch stems, according to species. Culture. Sow seed in the open in May or June, or increase by division of roots in March or October. Species. S. alpina (Purple, 6 in.); S. altissima (Creamy-yellow, 10 in.); S. baicalensis, var. coelestina (Large heads of Bright Blue flowers, about 10 in. in height); and S. indica, vax.japonica (Rose, 6 in.).

Sedum (Stonecrop). Sedum is the common name of a large and important family of hardy plants, mostly perennials, the low-growing species being chiefly suitable for dry, sunny places in the rock, paved, or wall garden, The succulent foliage enables the plants to withstand long periods of drought and makes them of great value in dry situations. S. acre is the common Stonecrop. Most of them are evergreen, and in autumn the leaves assume a lovely purple hue, which lasts until the following spring. Sedums do well in a dry, light soil with lime in it, and will grow where but little soil is available. The summer-flowering kinds like a sunny position; autumn-flowering species do equally well in sun or shade. One of the best is S. spathulifolium purpureum. In June it carries heads of golden flowers, and its foliage, which is greyish in summer, becomes a brilliant red in autumn. S. pulchellum, which loves ample moisture during the growing season, is a useful species for cultivation in the Alpine House. Culture. Sow seed under glass in sandy soil as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in April, and plant out the following autumn or spring. If preferred, propagate by means of division of roots in April or October. The smaller kinds require the protection of glass in winter in the damp zones of our country, and are really more suitable for the Alpine House. Species. S. acre aureum (Yellow, May and June, 3 in.); S. album and vars. (White, May and June, 6 in.); S. Anacamp-seros (Purple, June-July, 6 in.); S. anglicum (Pink and White, June-Aug., 4 in.); S. asiaticum [syn. Wallichianum] (Yellow, July, 9 in.); S. dasyphyllum (Pink and White, June-Aug., 3 in. [Grey Foliage]); S. Douglasii (Yellow, June, 6 in.); S. Ellacombianum (Golden Yellow, June-July, 6 in.); S. Ewersii (Rose-purple, June-Aug, 6 in. [Glaucous Foliage]); S. farinosum (White and Pink, July, 3 in.); S. kamtschaticum (Orange, Yellow, July-Aug., 6 in.); S. Middendorfianum (Yellow, June-July, 6 in.); S. obtusatum (Golden Yellow, on Red stems, July, 4 in.); S. pulchellum (Rosy-purple, Summer, Trailer); S. reflexum (Yellow, July-Aug., 3 in.); S. sempervivoides (Crimson, May-June, 6 in. as the specific name suggests its description, save the seed and treat it as an annual); S. Sieboldii (Pink, July-Aug., 6 in.); S. spathulifolium purpureum (Gold, June-Aug., 5 in.); S. spectabile and vars. (Bluish-Pink, Aug.-Sept., 15 in.); S. spurium (Rose, June-Aug., 6 in.); and S. Watsonii (Cream, July-Aug., 6 in.).

Sempervivum (Houseleek). A large genus of curious succulent plants of symmetrical rosette-like form. They are mostly hardy perennials, although some require the protection and warmth of a greenhouse or Alpine House. The best known is S. tectorum, the Common Houseleek or Sengreen (10 in.), which flowers in July. It grows on the top of walls and on roofs, and often increases to such an extent as to cover a considerable area. The flower is red, and the rosettes of fleshy leaves are ciliated at the edges and pale green in colour with a brown tip. Sempervivums are interesting all the year round and are well suited to sunny chinks or bare ledges in the rock, paved, or wall garden. They thrive in sandy loam, even where but little soil is available, and in places where few other plants would live. The rosette dies after blooming, but propagation is easy {see below). Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, take cuttings in summer and strike in sandy soil under glass, or propagate by means of division of roots in April and plant out in permanent position. Except for S. arachnoi-deum and those similar, the Cobweb Houseleek, with its cobweb-like white down, the hardy kinds need no protection in winter. This last-mentioned plant and S. calcaratum are interesting subjects for cultivation in the Alpine House. Species. "S. Allionii [syn. hirturri] (Cream, June-July, 3-4 in.); S. arachnoideum (Reddish-pink, June-Aug., 5 in.) (numerous varieties); S. aren-arium (Yellow, June, 8 in.); S. calcaratum (Pale Red, Summer, 6-10 in.); S. erythrceum (Crimson Purple, Cobweb foliage, June-July, 6 in.); S.xFunckii (Crimson, June-July, 6 in.); S. globiferum (Yellow, July, 6 in.); S. grandiflorum (Yellow, June-July, 6 in.); S. Kosaninii (Creamy Purple, Downy foliage, June-July, 4 in.); S. montanum and vars. (Purple, Downy foliage, June-July, 4-6 in.); S. Pittonii (Yellow, July, 6 in.); S. Schlehanii and vars. [syn. S. glaucum] (Crimson, June-July, 8 in.); S. tectorum [Common Houseleek] (Red, July, 10 in.) numerous varieties; and S. triste (Red, June, 6 in.).

Senecio alpinus (Groundsel). This is a hardy perennial, one of a very large genus of annuals, perennials, and shrubs which do well in a gritty soil and in sun or semi-shade. They grow about 15 inches high and in June and July carry yellow flowers. Propagate by means of division of roots in spring or autumn. Of the shrubby Senecios, S. laxifolius, with grey foliage, is the best. S. (syn. Ligularia) clivorum, 40 to 60 inches high, Yellow July and August, may be grown in a corner of the bog garden. Species. S. incanus (Yellow, April-June, 6 in.); S. uniflorus (Orange, May-June, 4-6 in.).

Shortia (Crimson Leaf). Very lovely, hardy perennials which are evergreen and of rather dwarf habit, and which grow best in a moist but very well-drained compost of two-thirds sandy peat and leaf-mould and one-third loam, together with some rough grit and charcoal. A sheltered, shady position in the rock garden suits them. In summer they carry white or rose flowers with fringed petals on stems 4 to 6 inches high, and throughout autumn and winter their leaves are tinted with reddish-brown. S. galacifolia (Pink and White, 6 in.) and S. uniflora grandiflora (Pink, 5 in.) are two good species, and the latter (a beautiful rock plant) may also be grown to advantage in the Alpine House. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in April and plant out firmly in permanent position.

Sibthorpia. This genus includes perennial creeping plants, some of which thrive outdoors on moist shady banks and in sandy loam and leaf-mould. They bloom in July, and are much used for carpeting in the bog and rock gardens. S. europcea (Yellowish Pink, 1 in.) is the best-known species. Culture. Take cuttings in August and strike m sandy soil in a frame, or propagate by means of division of roots in April and plant out in permanent position.

Silene. A genus containing a considerable number of species, including the plants known as the Campion and Catchfly. They are for the most part hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials; the dwarf-growing species of the last group are excellent subjects for the paved, wall, or rock garden, and like a sunny, open position, and a well-drained, moist, gritty loam. The moraine is especially suitable. The foliage forms a dense mat and from June to August is covered with numbers of tiny cup-shaped flowers clutched in rather too large a calyx. Culture. Sow seed in the open in July or August, take cuttings in summer and strike in sandy soil, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. S. acaulis needs the protection of glass in winter. Species. S. acaulis [Moss Campion or Cushion Pink] (Pink, June-Aug., 2 in.); S. a. alba (Pure White, June-July, 2 in.); S. acaulis (varieties now obtainable are exquisite for the moraine or Alpine House); S. alpestris (White, June-July, 5 in.); S. Elizabethce (Rose, June-Aug., 6 in.); S. Hooked (Rose, July and August, 3-4 in.); S. pusilla (White, June-Aug., 2-3 in.); S. Schafta (Rose-purple, June-Aug., 6 in.); and S. virginica (Crimson, June-Aug., 6 in.).

Sisyrinchium (Satin Flower). Delightful hardy perennials for the rock garden or the Alpine House closely allied to the Iris family. They produce graceful, satiny, bell-like flowers of yellow, blue, or purple from April to June; the leaves are evergreen and similar to those of the Iris. A cool and fairly moist loam mixed with one-third part of leaf-mould and sand, or sandy peat, suits them best. Propagation is by means of seed sown in spring, or by division of roots in March or September. Do not disturb more than necessary. Alpine House Culture. Pot-up annually in September, and place in a sunny position in the cold house. After blooming, keep them in a cold frame until time for re-potting. Species. S. gramineum [syn. S. anceps] (Light Blue, May-July, 5-10 in.); S. angustifolium (Deep Blue, May-July, 10 in.); S. a. Bermudianum (Deep Blue, May-June, 10 in.); S. a. bellum (Violet Blue, May-July, 6 in.); S. californicum (Yellow, 12 in.); S. grandiflorum [syn. S. Douglasii] (Purple, April-June, 12 in.); and S. g. album (White, May-July, 12 in.).

Snowdrop (Galanthus). Snowdrops thrive in the shade and in well-drained, moist, gritty loam, and are most valuable plants for out-of-the-way corners in the rock garden, for growing in pots, or for naturalizing in grass. Culture. Plant in August or September 3 inches deep and 3 inches apart; lift the bulbs every fourth year only. Propagate by means of offsets. Alpine House Culture. Plant 1 inch deep in September or October, using 4- to 5-inch pans and a compost of two parts of ordinary soil to one part of leaf-mould and sand; water once, particularly if soil be dry then keep in a cold frame covered with ashes or fibre until growth commences (about 6 weeks), after which place the pans in a cool house, and water moderately until the blooms die down, when the amount of moisture should be decreased and the bulbs gradually dried off as soon as the leaves turn yellow. Species and Varieties. (EARLY) G. Elwesii (White [Marked Green], Jan., 8 in.); G. nivalis (White, Jan., 6 in.); G. nivalis, var. flavescens (Whitish-yellow [Orange Markings], 8 in.); G. plicatus (White, Jan., 12 in.). (LATE) G. Jkarice (White, March-April, 8 in.). (WINTER) G. Fosteri (White, 8 in.).

shaped evergreen leaves, and fringed flowers rather like small shuttlecocks hanging from wiry stems. Soldanellas grow best in the shade or semi-shade, in rocky crevices, or, better still, on the moraine in moist, gritty loam, and peat or leaf-mould; also suitable for the Alpine House. They are, unfortunately, at times rather shy flowerers. Most species have white varieties. Culture. Propagation is carried out by means of seed sown in a frame as soon as ripe or in the spring, or by division of roots after flowering. In winter they should be given the protection of a pane of glass. Species. S. alpina (Violet-blue, May-June, 4 in.); S. x Gander i (Lilac Blue, April-May, 3-4 in.); S. minima (Lilac Blue, March-April, 2-3 in.);

S. pusilla (Violet, April-May, 3 in.); and S. alpina, var. pyrolcefolia (Lilac, March, 6 in.).

Solidago (Golden Rod). A large genus of hardy herbaceous perennial plants which thrive well on the drier sections of the bog garden. There is one arrival now procurable which is worthy of a place in the rock garden, namely S. brachystachys which grows between 6 to 8 inches in height and tends to brighten the rock garden during the autumn with its bright yellow flowers. It will grow almost anywhere in good garden soil. Culture. Propagate by division in March or October. Species. S. ccesia (Yellow, July-Aug., 2-3 ft.); S. canadensis (Gold, Aug.-Sept., 4 ft.); S. var. Golden Wings, Sept.-Oct., 3^ ft.); and S. odor a (Yellow, July-Aug., 18-24 in.).

Specularia [syn. Legousid] (Corn Violet, Venus' Looking-glass). These are delightful little hardy annuals, which in summer carry dainty, bell-shaped flowers, and which thrive in a compost of sandy loam and peat in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in spring where they are to flower and thin out the seedlings to at least 6 inches apart. Species. S. hybridafl. pi. (Lilac or Blue); S. pentagonia (Sky Blue); and S. speculum-veneris (Purple or White).

Spiraea. A genus of graceful and attractive plants, both herbaceous and woody and mostly hardy perennials with fern-like foliage and pyramidal and feathery spikes of flowers. They love a moist, rich loam and require plenty of water. If the soil is light, mulch in early summer with decayed manure and vegetable humus. Such species and varieties as S. arguta (6-8 ft., White flowers, April-May); S. Aruncus [Goat's Beard] (40-50 in., with White flowers in June and July); S. camtschatica (36-48 in., Pink, July-Aug.); S. japonica (36-60 in., Rosy Red, July-Aug.); S. Lindleyana (10-15 ft., Ivory White, July-Sept.); and S.palmata [Meadow Sweet] (24-48 in., with Rose-crimson and white flowers in July and August) are very showy plants for the bog or marsh garden. For the rock garden, S. bullata (Red, 12 in.); S. decumbens [syn. S. procumbens] (6 in., with White flowers in June, July, and August); and S. x Anthony Waterer (Pink with variegated leaves) are best. Culture. Propagate herbaceous section by means of division of roots in March or October; cuttings of young wood of woody varieties may be struck in a frame in autumn. Thin out the older wood of spring-flowering shrubs after flowering, if the bushes have become unshapely. Shrubs that flower between July and September should have all weak wood cut away in February, and all other shoots that have flowered must be cut back by at least one-half.

Squill. See Scilla.

Statice. See Limonium.

Sternbergia (Yellow Star Flower, Winter Daffodil). Beautiful half-hardy bulbous plants, which need a compost of sandy soil mixed with a little leaf-mould and old mortar-rubble. They should be given sunny positions in the rock garden. Culture. Plant in April 4 inches deep and 5 inches apart; S. Fischeriana, however, which flowers in February, should be planted in July or August. Protect from frost with fibre and lift the bulbs from the ground triennially; or pot-up in July and grow in the Alpine House. Culture in the open is only advisable in warm districts. Propagate by means of offsets in April. Species. S. colchiciflora (Yellow, Aug.); S. lutea (Yellow, Aug.-Sept.); and S. Fischeriana (Yellow, Feb.-March). All grow to a height of about 8 inches.

Stokesia laevis [syn. S. cyanea]. A hardy herbaceous plant which is an asset to a sheltered position on the south side of the rock garden. It grows in rich garden soil to about 12 to 20 inches in height and bears purple flowers. There are two varieties well worth consideration namely S. I. alba and S. I. praecox both bearing dense aster-like flowers, the first being white and the latter lilac blue during the early autumn. Culture. Propagate by division in March or when the frost has cut the foliage down in the autumn, or sow seed in pans with a little peat in spring.

Stratiotes aloides (Crab's Claw or Water Soldier). Hardy perennial aquatic plants, with long sword-like leaves, that float near the surface of the water. They grow about 20 inches high, bear white flowers in June, and like a position in shallow, still water. Unfortunately they increase so rapidly that they are apt to become a nuisance in ornamental waters, so must be kept in check. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March, and plant in ordinary soil with from 3 to 12 inches of water above the crowns.

Symphyandra. These are charming little plants for crevices and ledges in the rock garden or in the Alpine House. They grow from 6 to 24 inches high, and in July and August carry white or blue bell-like flowers, thriving in well-drained gritty loam. Seed may be sown under glass in March, or propagation can be carried out by means of division of roots in spring or autumn. Species. S. armena (Blue, June-July, 10 in.); S. asiatica (Pale Blue, June-Aug., 16 in.); S. Hofmannii (White, July-Sept., 12-20 in.).

Synthyris. A race of small hardy herbaceous perennials preferring a sheltered corner of the rock garden or moraine where they may receive some protection from the sun and a good cool root-run in gritty leaf-mould, loam and sand. Culture. Propagate by division after flowering or from seed sown in March and plant out in September or October. Species. S. reniformis [syn. Wulfenia cordata] (Lavender Blue, March-May, 6-8 in.); S. stellata (Violet Blue, March-April, 4 in.).

Tanakea radicans. A small Japanese plant with beautiful white spikes of flowers in May, based on small rounded leathery leaves. This plant should have a sheltered situation in the rock garden where its roots may run through a soil of leaf-mould, loam and grit preferably in the shade of some small rhododendron or azalea where it can throw out stolons or new plants for it dislikes being disturbed. This plant is also most suitable for the Alpine House.

Taxodium distichum (Summer Leafing Cypress). A hardy deciduous tree, growing from 50 to 100 feet high, which does best in sunny positions near water in moist or swampy soil. Culture. Plant from September to October; no pruning is required. Propagation may be carried out by means of seed sown in a frame, or by cuttings in slight heat in July.

Taxus baccata ericoides. The dwarf yew is a useful addition to the rock garden. Plant in March or September. When necessary, trim in May or August. Seed may be sown in the open in March, or cuttings of young wood may be struck in a frame in September. There are numerous dwarf varieties now to be obtained though the genus as a whole dislikes our larger industrial areas.

Teucrium (Germander). This genus includes some useful shrubby herbaceous perennials, which thrive in the sun and in gritty loam, and make interesting plants for the wall and rock gardens. Culture. Propagate by means of seed sown in a frame in June or July or by division of roots in March, and plant out in permanent position. Species. T. Chamcedrys (Bright Rose, July-Aug., 10 in.); T. Mar urn (Deep Pink, Aug.-Sept., 10 in.); T. Polium (White, Yellow, and Purple, Summer, 6 in.); and T. pyrenaicum (Lilac and Creamy Yellow, May-June, 2-3 in.).

Thalictrum (Meadow Rue.) Hardy herbaceous perennials with fern-like foliage and pretty little plume-like flowers borne in umbels. A curious feature of these flowers is that they have practically no petals, but the sepals are coloured. They thrive in moist but well-drained, rich, sandy loam and leaf-mould and in sunny or shady situations by the side of a stream. The dwarf kinds, as T. alpinum and T. tuberosum, are useful rock plants. Propagate by means of division of roots in October. Species. T. adiantifolium (Yellow, June-Sept., 20 in.); T. alpinum (Greenish-yellow, May-June, 4-6 in.); T. dipterocarpum (Rose or Purple, June-Sept., 36-50 in.); T. glaucum [syn. speciosissimum] (Yellow, July-Aug., 48-72 in.); and T. tuberosum (White, June-Aug., 12 in.).

Thlaspi rotundifolium. These pretty little annual or perennial sweet-scented rock plants are easily raised by means of seed sown under glass in March, or by division of roots in spring or autumn. The flowers, which appear in July and August, are rosy-lilac in colour.

Thuja (Arbor Vitas). These hardy evergreen trees have beautiful foliage, and are often used instead of yews as hedge plants. The dwarf varieties are particularly useful in the rock garden. They succeed in sunny positions and in any moist soil, and are valuable in the bog or marsh garden. T. dolobrata [syn. Thujopsis dolobrata] and T. dolobrata nana are especial favourites. There are now numerous dwarf-growing varieties of T. occidentalis and T. orientalis. Culture. Plant in March or October; no pruning is necessary. Trim hedge plants in April and September. Propagate by means of seeds sown in a frame, or by cuttings struck in a frame in September.

Thymus (Thyme). Hardy, dwarf-growing, bushy or trailing plants with fragrant foliage, that are useful for carpeting, for the wall, for the rock garden, also for the crevices between the flags in the paved garden. They grow well in the sun and in well-drained sandy loam. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April, and plant out in permanent position. No protection is necessary in winter. Species. T. Dcerfleri (Crimson creeper, 2 in.); T. Herba-barona (Lilac sub-shrub, 3-5 in.); T. membranaceus (White flowers from Creamy Pink bracts, 4-5 in.); T. nitidus (Pink, 12 in.); T. Serpyllum (Purple Flowers, Sub-shrub, 3 in.); T. S. albus (White, 3 in.); T. S. argenteus (Silver Leaves, 8 in.); T. S. aureus (Golden Foliage in autumn, Lilac Flowers, 4-8 in.); T. x citriodorus (Purple Flowers, Trailing); and T. lanuginosus (Grey Leaves, Purple Flowers, 2 in.); T. S., var. coccineus (Scarlet creeper, 2 in.); and T. villosus (Rosy-purple Flowers, 4 in.), most suitable for Alpine House. All flower from June to August.

Tiarella cordifolia (Foam Flower). These are beautiful hardy herbaceous perennials with creamy-white, plume-like flowers and heart-shaped foliage that assumes a lovely reddish-brown in autumn. They grow about 9 inches high and flower from April to June, thriving in moist soil and in shady positions in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in March and plant out in a permanent position.

Tigridia (Tiger Iris). These magnificent half-hardy bulbous plants, the flowers of which are like tall open tulips of varying colours, thrive in a mixture of light, rich sandy loam and leaf-mould, and love a warm, sunny position in the rock garden. They grow from 12 to 18 inches high and flower from May to July, amidst leaves like those of the iris, but smaller. Culture. Plant the bulbs about the middle of April 4 inches deep and 6 inches apart, allowing the bulbs to rest on sand; lift from the ground in November. Propagate by means of offsets in April. Species and Varieties. T. Pavonia (Scarlet, marked Yellow and Purple); T. P. conchiflora (Yellow, Purple Spots); and T. P. grandiflora rubra (Crimson, Scarlet, and Yellow). There are numerous varieties.

Tilia (Lime). Hardy deciduous trees, mostly of spreading and lofty growth, which grow well in sunny, sheltered positions and in moist, rich soil. Most species bear fragrant yellowish-green flowers from June to August. They make suitable subjects for skirting the large bog or marsh garden. T. Oliveri (15-20 ft). Culture. Plant in October or November; thin out the branches when overcrowded. To propagate, sow seed, or layer basal shoots, which will be produced after the tree has been cut down close to the ground.

Trientalis (Starflower and Wintergreen). These small hardy perennials should be grown in a light, rich peaty soil, and in a shady and moist position in the rock garden. T. americana (Starflower) bears white flowers on 6-inch stems in June or July, and T. europcea (Wintergreen) in April or May. Propagate by means of seed sown in summer, or by division of roots in spring.

Trifolium (Clover, Shamrock, Trefoil). Hardy annuals and perennials which thrive in any light soil, and are easily raised from seed or propagated by means of division of roots. They may be introduced into the rock garden, if so desired. T. alpinum, once established, throws up large pale pink flowers that make the plant well worth growing.

Trillium (Wood Lily or Trinity Flower). These are beautiful hardy and rather curious tuberous-rooted perennials, which should be grown in well-drained, moist, peaty soil, and in partial shade in the bog or rock garden. Culture. Plant in October; lift the bulbs from the soil when overcrowded. Propagate by means of seed sown in a frame as soon as ripe or in March, or in the open in June, or increase by division of roots in October. Species. T. sessile, var. californicum (Pale Purple or White, May-July, 8 in.); T. grandiflorum (Rose or White, June-July, 6-12 in.); T. erectum (Deep Purple, May-June, 5-10 in.); T. ovatum (Rosy-white, May, 12 in.); and T. stylosum (Rose, May, 15 in.).

Triteleia. See Brodiaea.

Trollius (Globe Flower). These are hardy herbaceous perennials of the buttercup order with dark green, palm-like foliage, and which grow luxuriantly in rich, moist loam in shady situations in the marsh garden or at the edge of a pond or stream. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, or propagate by means of division of roots in April or October (preferably), and plant out in permanent position. Lift and divide the roots when overcrowded only. In autumn top-dress with decayed manure and leaf-mould. Species. T. asiaticus (Yellow or Orange, May and June, 24 in.); T. Ledebourii (Golden Yellow, April-May, 30-40 in.); T. europceus, var. napellifolius (Orange, May-June, 20 in.); T. patulus (Golden, June, 12 in.); and T. pumilus (Golden Yellow, June, 6-10 in.).

Tropseolum (Nasturtium). Most of the tropaeolums are unsuitable plants for cultivation in the rock garden, but T. polyphyllum, a beautiful little tuberous-rooted trailing plant with greyish foliage and yellow flowers in June and July is well worthy of a place; it is also suitable for the wall garden. It likes a dry, sunny position in well-drained sandy loam, and may be raised by means of seed sown under glass in March, or cuttings may be struck in sandy soil in heat in March or April or by means of the tubers in March or April.

Tsuga (Hemlock Spruce). These are hardy coniferous trees growing from 70 to 100 feet high and doing best in sunny positions and in moist, deep loam. They are only suitable for large bog or marsh gardens. Culture. Plant in March or September. No pruning is required. Propagate by means of seed sown in a frame but the dwarf-growing varieties will require raising from cuttings taken in the autumn. Two of the most ornamental species are T. Albertiana [syn. T. heterophylld], growing to 70 feet in height, and T. canadensis, which reaches a height of 80 feet. T. canadensis, var. pendula being a dwarf form of its larger relative, and perhaps the best form for the rock garden.

Tulipa. Several of the dwarf species of Tulip are useful for obtaining early colour in the rock garden, and for the Alpine House. T. australis (Yellow with Reddish backs, April-May, 8-12 in.); T. biflora (Pale Yellow, April-May, 4-6 in.); T. b. turkestanica (White, April-May, 6-8 in.); T. Clusiana (White with Crimson Eye, May-June, 6-9 in.); T. Eichleri (Deep Scarlet, Violet Centre, marked Gold, April-May, 6-12 in.); T. Kaufmanniana (The Water-lily Tulip, and vars., Creamy-yellow shaded soft Red, inside deep Yellow); T. K. Ccesar Franck (Deep Yellow, Red); T. K. Elliott (Pure White, outside Red); T. K. Gaiety (Pure White); T. K. Primrose (Yellow); T. K. Scarlet Elegance (Bright Orange Red); T. K. Vivaldi (Yellow, Red spotted); T. sylvestris (Yellow, April-May, 10-12 in.); T. montana (Bright Red, May-June, 6 in.); and T. Celsiana (Yellow, May-June, 6 in.), are all suitable. Culture. Plant the bulbs in early November about 4 inches deep and about 4 inches apart. They like a sunny position, and a well-drained, rich, sandy loam with lime in it. Lift the bulbs every third year in June or July (when the leaves have withered) and propagate by means of offsets planted in September or October.

Tunica. Dwarf-growing hardy perennials admirable for the rock garden. T. Saxifraga, which bears a smother of tiny flowers on very fine stems, will also flourish in the moraine, wall, or paved garden. A sandy loam and leaf-mould suits them best, and they will grow in either sun or shade. Propagation is by means of division of roots in the spring, or seed may be sown in April where the plants are to flower. Species. T. Saxifraga and vars. (Pale Rose or White, June-Sept., Trailing) are the best known.

Typha (Reed Mace, Bulrush, or Cat-o'-Nine-Tails). A genus of aquatic plants of tufted habit, which thrive on a swampy bank in the marsh garden or at the edge of a sheltered pond with from 1 to 12 inches of water above the crowns. They grow some 6 feet high and flower in late summer. Propagation is carried out by means of division of roots in March or October. T. latifolia and T. Laxmannii [syn. T. stenophylla], with brownish-black flowers are best known.

Umbilicus. A genus of small plants often called Sempervivum or Cotyledon which deserve a sheltered place in the rock garden or Alpine House. Culture. See the two genera above-mentioned. Species. U. chrysanthus (Deep Cream standing above downy rosettes of broad-leaved foliage, 4 in.); and U. opposite folius (Yellowish Green raceme of flowers above hairy rosettes of foliage, 5-7 in.).

Vaccinium. A large genus of shrubby plants, which includes the Whortleberry or Bilberry (V. Myrtillus), a pretty heath-like shrub 18 inches in height with drooping pink flowers in May and showy dark blue globular fruit. There are several other species grown for the beauty of their flowers, fruit, and tinted foliage in autumn; these require a moist, sandy, and peaty loam. V. corymbosum is particularly suitable for culture in the bog or marsh garden. Propagate by means of cuttings struck under glass in spring and summer, by root-suckers, or by seed sown in autumn when ripe. Plant out in March. Species. V. corymbosum [Blueberry] (Pale Pink or White, 5 ft.); V. Mortinia (Pale Pink, May, 2-4 ft.); V. Myrtillus [Whortleberry or Bilberry] (Pale Pink, 1 ft.); and V. Vitis-Idcea [Cowberry] (Pale Pink, May-June, 8-10 in.). All are May-flowering.

Valeriana. This is a genus of hardy perennials of which the smaller species make charming subjects for the rock garden or rock wall; the best known is V. ojficinalis (All-heal). They thrive in sunny situations and in any ordinary soil. Culture. Sow seed in the open in April, May, June, or July, or propagate by means of division of roots in March or October and plant out in permanent position. Species. V. arizonica(Pink, April-May, 4-6 in.); V. elongata (Yellow, 6 in.); and V. heterophylla (Red, 10 in.). All flower from June to October.

Vancouveria hexandra. A small alpine similar to Epimedium which carries small white bells in loose panicles on its 8- to 10-inch wing stems. Culture. Propagate by means of division during early spring or autumn. This plant, like the one it is allied to, likes leaf-mould, loam and peaty sand in some crevice or pocket in the rock garden.

Vauanthes. See Grammanthes.

Verbena. A genus of half-hardy and hardy creepers only a few of which are suitable for the rock garden. Culture. The majority concerned are only half-hardy and like a mixture of leaf-mould, loam and sand, where they can spread and from which portions may be lifted and potted in the autumn, or cuttings taken. Species and Varieties. V. chamcedrifolia (Startling Scarlet, June-Oct., 3-5 in.); V. Lawrence Johnson (Bright Scarlet, June-Oct., 12-15 in.); (a recent introduction well worthy of a place in the rock garden or in a sunny position in the driest part of the bog garden); V. tenera Maonettii (Rosy Violet-striped White, June-Oct., 6-9 in.); and V. venosa (Light Violet Blue, July-Oct., 8-12 in.).

Veronica (Speedwell). A large genus of beautiful flowering plants, including annuals, herbaceous perennials, and evergreen shrubs. Many of the dwarf-growing shrubs and herbaceous perennials make excellent subjects for carpeting and edging in the rock garden. V. catarractce (White) and V. Guthrieana (Blue) are species to be recommended for growing in the wall garden. V. repens, which forms a dense, evergreen mat, is excellent for the paved garden. V. fili-formis, is a bright blue carpeting plant which soon devours space and its neighbours, so only plant where nothing else is required. V. Michauxii (Pale Blue, shading to Pink, 4-5 ft.) is a suitable species for the bog garden.

SHRUBBY SPECIES. Sometimes included in the genus Hebe, are amongst the most valuable of summer- and autumn-blooming plants, both for Alpine House culture and for out of doors, where, with a dry subsoil and somewhat sheltered, sunny situation, the plants will generally stand uninjured through the winter particularly in the coastal areas. Culture. Plant in April or October. Trim annually to keep the bushes in shape only, but it is usually necessary to prune hard back every few years. To propagate, strike cuttings of mature wood in a frame in August; the young shoots should occasionally be pinched back, but no "stopping" must be done after June. The herbaceous species thrive in sunny positions and in any fairly good garden soil, especially if it is rather gritty. Every fourth year the plants should be lifted and divided, the younger outer crowns only being replanted. Propagate by means of division of roots in March and (some species) in October.

Species and Varieties. (HERBACEOUS) V. Allionii (Deep Blue flowers, May-July, 5 in.); V. armena (Bright Blue, June-Sept., 2 in.); V. canescens (Pale Blue, June-Aug., 1 in.); V. gentianoides (Pale Blue, May-June, 8-12 in.); V. Guthrieana (Pale Blue flowers, Summer, 6 in.); V. incana (Violet-blue flowers and Silver foliage, June-Sept., 8-16 in.); V. repens (Blue, May-July, Prostrate); V. spicata (Violet Blue, July-Aug., 12-24 in.) and vars.; V. Teucrium [syn. V. rupestris] (Blue, June-Aug., Trailer) and vars.; V. fruticulosa [syn. saxatilis (Rich Blue [Red Centre], June-Sept., 4 in.). (SHRUBBY) V. loganioides (White, June-July, 4-9 in.); V. Speciosa [syn. Andersonii] (Purple or Blue, July-Sept., 2 ft.); V.x Autumn Glory (Deep Violet, Sept.-Oct., 1 ft.); V. buxifolia (White, June-Aug., 2 ft.) and vars.; V. cupressoides (Violet-purple, July-Sept., 1-3 ft.); V. Hectori (Pale Lilac and White, July, 1-2 ft.) and vars.; V. pectinata (Creeper, Deep Blue, May-June, 3-4 in.); V. p. rosea (Pink, May-June, 3-4 in.); and V. pimeleoides (Deep Blue, July-Aug., 12 in.).

Viburnum. Hardy deciduous or sometimes evergreen trees and shrubs with white or pinkish flowers, and in most cases with handsome fruit. They thrive in any soil, but prefer a moist, well-drained, deep loam, and some species are most useful for the rock garden whilst others are more useful for the drier sections of the bog garden. The best-known shrubby species is V. Opulus sterile, the Guelder Rose or Snowball Tree, 8 to 10 feet, with white flowers in July. Other good species are V. buddleifolium, a deciduous shrub with white flowers, March to April, 4 to 8 feet; V. x Burkwoodii, a hybrid evergreen shrub with fragrant pinkish-white flowers, March to April, 6 to 8 feet; V. Carlesii, 3 to 6 feet, with white flowers in April and May; V.fragrans, pink or white, January to March; and V. tomentosum, 5 feet, creamy-white, May and June; V. t. plicatum, the variety so commonly forced in greenhouses is a beautiful deciduous spring-flowering shrub with snowball-like flowers of white, 6 to 8 feet; and V. Tinus [syn. V. Laurustinus], an evergreen shrub, 6 to 8 feet in height with pinkish-white flowers produced from February to March. Culture. Plant in a sunny position, in October, November, or March. Trim the bushes into shape annually, and, when necessary, cut out old wood in July. Propagate by means of cuttings in a frame in June, or layer in October.

Vinca (Periwinkle). The hardy periwinkles are dark evergreen shrubs of trailing habit and with smallish insignificant flowers. They grow in any well-drained ordinary soil, and look well on moist banks in the bog garden or in the rock garden. V. major and V. minor have purple-blue flowers from June to September, and are indigenous to Great Britain. V. major grows to a height of 20 inches; V. minor to a height of 9 inches only. The flowers of V. minor are smaller than those of V. major, and there are also purple, mauve, and white varieties of it, as well as double blue and double white kinds. V. minor, var. flore-puniceo, with white flowers with a pink eye or with rose-coloured flowers, is also known as "Old Maid," or "The Madagascar Periwinkle." Culture. Plant from March to October. Cut back straggling shoots in April. Propagate by means of division of roots in March or October.

Viola. Violas, sometimes called Tufted Pansies, are much used for bedding or as edging plants, where they will flower from May until well into November. There are many delightful alpine species that are very showy in the rock garden. V. cornuta and V. gracilis are good examples. They are mostly quite hardy and are excellent for filling up odd and rather shady corners in the rock garden, or for crevices between stones in the paved garden. For the more dainty violas from the high alpine screes, only moraine culture should be essayed. Any ordinary, deeply-dug, moderately rich loam will suit them, provided it is fairly loose, gritty, and moist; and a sprinkling of good compost and a dressing of soot or bonemeal should be scattered on the top; heavy clay is not good for violas. A cool, but not damp, position in partial shade is best. Culture. Violas may be propagated from seed, by cuttings, or by division of the roots. Seed intended to furnish spring flowers should be sown in boxes in June, using a good light soil, and the box should be covered with a sheet of glass until the seeds are up. When fit to handle, transplant the seedlings 2 inches apart into other boxes, water liberally, and shade from sun. As frosty weather approaches, the boxes should be placed in a cold frame for the winter. At the beginning of April, transplant the young plants about 9 to 12 inches apart into partially-shaded beds, keeping the "balls" as far as possible intact. Cuttings of new but vigorous growths from the centre of the plant may be struck in September in a shady frame and planted out in March for blooming the following year. Propagation by cuttings may take place any time from April to the end of October, although August and September are the best months. For early flowering, it is best to propagate by division of old roots in September. All dead blooms should be periodically picked off. Species. (White, with Purplev eins) V. blanda, 2-4 in.; (Yellow) V. biflora lutea, 2-3 in.; (Purple) V. gracilis and V. Munbyana, 6-10 in.; (Violet)

V. cenisia, 3-4 in.; (Violet and White) V. ocellata, 6-8 in.; (Violet and Yellow) V.pedata, 3-4 in.; (Lavender-blue) V. sagittata, 4-8 in., and V. calcarata, 6 in.; (Blue, Lavender, Rose and White) V. cornuta, 3-8 in.; (Pale Pink) V. bosniaca, 4-6 in. Viola hederacea is rather a quaint creeping form with small violet-coloured flowers fading to white at the tips of the petals. Catalogue Varieties. Arkwright Ruby (Rich Ruby Red); Blue Gem (Deep Violet Blue); Chantry land (Pure Apricot); Perfection (Clear Blue); Spring Messenger (Rich Purple); White Perfection (Pure White); and Yellow Queen (Rich, Deep Yellow).

Virginian Stock (Malcomia). These are pretty little hardy annuals with lilac, red, and white flowers in early spring, if sown in autumn, or from July to September, when sown in spring. They do well in sunny situations and in fairly light soil, and are useful for filling odd pockets in the rock garden. Culture. Sow seed thinly in spring or autumn, covering it lightly with soil. Thin out the seedlings when fit to handle. Constant picking of flowers and seedpods will prolong the flowering period. Varieties. (Crimson) Fairy Queen; (Purple and Crimson) Crimson King. Both grow about 6 inches high.

Vittadinia triloba. A beautiful little dwarf-growing plant, also known as Erigeron mucronatus {which see), which may be set in sunny positions and in sandy loam. It grows about 4 to 6 inches high, and is excellent for ledges in the rock garden. The daisy-like flowers, which are white and pink, are borne from April to September. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March or September, or take cuttings in spring or autumn, and strike in sandy soil under glass. Plant out in a crevice or on an old wall in April or September. They require no protection in winter.

Wahlenbergia (Edraianthus, Tufted Harebell). These are charming little dwarf-growing, hardy annual or perennial plants suitable for the moraine in the rock garden. They bear large, bell-shaped flowers on short, arching stems, which rise from hummocks of grass-like foliage. These little plants love a sunny position and a gritty loam with a little lime-rubble, and are better protected by means of a sheet of glass in winter. They are easily raised from seed sown under glass as soon as ripe or in March; they may be propagated by means of cuttings, or by division of roots after flowering. W. Dalmatica (Violet); W. graminifolius (Bright Blue, hairy tufts); W. hederacea (Pale Blue); W. Pumilio (Lilac); W. saxicola (White, tinged Greyish Blue); W. serpyllifolia (Violet-blue), and W. vincceflora (Blue), flowering from June to August, are good species. W. serpyllifolia major makes a delightful little plant for the Alpine House, or for growing on a wall. All are related to Edraianthus, many synonymous.

Waldsteinia. Only a few species of this genus are cultivated, and these but seldom. They have sprays of yellow flowers, some in early summer and others in spring or autumn. These plants grow about 4-8 inches high and their creeping stems form dense masses that spread over the rocks. They thrive in sun or shade and in ordinary soil, and are admirable plants for rocky ledges, banks, or dry walls. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March, and plant out in permanent position. They require no protection in winter. W. fragarioides (Golden Yellow, April-June, 4-6 in.) and W. sibirica [syn. trifolia] (Yellow, March-June, 6 in.) are, perhaps, the best known species.

A. Malby Sempervivum Arachnoideum

Sedum Spathulifolium

Wallflower (Cheiranthus). For spring-blooming these hardy biennials and perennials are indispensable, because of the delicious fragrance of their beautiful flowers. The dwarf-growing species, 6 to 12 inches in height, may be grown in sunny crevices in the wall garden or in the rock garden in dry, sandy loam with some lime in it. The perennial species are usually grown as biennials. Culture. Sow seed thinly in early June in drills 12 inches apart, in an open position, or take cuttings (double varieties) in spring and strike in sandy soil in a frame. Transplant the seedlings when 2 inches high to 6 inches apart, water well, and nip out the centres to encourage bushy growth, as soon as the plants are established. Plant out in position for flowering early in October. Seed may also be sown in the open in April. Cut back after flowering, if to be grown as perennials. Species and Hybrids. C.xAllionii (Bright Orange, 10 in.); C. alpinus (Pale Yellow, 10 in.); C. Cheiri (Common Wallflower), various; C. xkewensis (Bronze to Violet, 12 in.); C. xMarshallii (Orange-yellow, 6-12 in.); C. mutabilis (Pale Yellow to Lilac, 12-18 in.); and C. variabilis (Various, 10 in.). These all flower from April to June.

Weldenia Candida. This is one of the best alpines, though as yet very rare. It is of tuberous nature, and dies down in winter, when it ought to be covered with a few branches or with glass. In spring it throws up shoots like those of Iris alata. In late spring these stems support the most exquisite white waxy flowers. Propagation may be carried out only by dividing the roots in early autumn and planting in a well-drained compost of peaty loam and sand and in a sheltered position.

Woodsia. See Ferns.

Wulfenia. These are useful and showy little hardy herbaceous perennials, which like a shady position in the rock garden and a mixture of sandy loam and peat. The bluish-purple flowers in July and August rise on 9-inch stems above bright green rosettes of leaves with toothed edges. Culture. Sow seed under glass as soon as ripe or in March, or propagate by means of division of roots in April. No protection is necessary in winter. W. carinthiaca is a good species. See also Synthyris.

Xerophyllum asphodeloides (Turkey's Beard). Graceful hardy perennials which make striking plants for the marsh or wild garden. They love partial shade, and a moist gritty loam and leaf-mould. In May they carry tall spikes (some 2 feet high) of ivory-white flowers. Culture. Propagate by seed sown in the open in June, or by division of roots in March or October.

Yucca. Many of these are hardy evergreen plants of quaint appearance, forming striking objects when planted in the rock garden. Yuccas do best in sheltered, sunny positions and in well-drained soil. Culture. Plant in March or April; cut away dead leaves in March and withered flowers in October. Propa gate by means of tops, with the leaves trimmed off, planted in pots of very sandy and porous soil, by the division of rhizomes in spring, or by seed. Species. Y. recurvifolia, one of the best species for the garden, has graceful, drooping, dark green leaves and greenish-white inflorescences some 3 feet in height in August and September; Y. gloriosa, which is known as Adam's Needle, has long, stiff, sword-like leaves and inflorescences of greenish-white, bell-shaped flowers in August; and Y. glauca [syn. Y. angustifolia], which is a hardy and more or less dwarf species, has narrow, spear-like leaves which radiate from the crown and form a rosette some 2 feet high. The white and green inflorescences of bell-shaped flowers rise in July and August to a height of 3 feet. This is the most suitable species for the rock garden.

Zauschneria (Californian Fuchsia). Handsome perennials with a profusion of beautiful, tube-shaped, scarlet flowers from July to September. The plants grow from 12 to 18 inches high, and flourish in gritty loam on walls, or in hot, sunny crevices in the rock garden. Culture. Propagate by means of division of roots in March, or take cuttings in spring and strike in sandy soil under glass. Plant out in permanent position in March or April. No protection is necessary in winter. Z. californica splendens (Scarlet, July-Sept., 12-18 in.) is the best known.

Zenobia speciosa. This is a hardy, ericaceous shrub that is semi-evergreen and reaches a height of from 3 to 4 feet. From June to August it bears on slender stems drooping bell-like flowers of a waxy whiteness. It is a most interesting plant for growing in the bog or marsh garden. Z. pulverulenta is very similar to Z. speciosa, but has its leaves and stems covered with a steely-white mealy dust, which makes it a very decorative plant, especially in winter. Culture. Plant in a semi-shaded position in September or October and in well-drained, peaty soil or in a mixture of loam and leaf-mould (no lime). Cut off old flower snoots after blooming. Propagate by means of soft cuttings in a frame in June, or by means of layering in September.

Zephyranthes. A large genus from which a number make excellent plants for the rock garden or Alpine House, they belong to the Amaryllus family having the same type leaves with flowers much more dainty than their relatives and well worth a little protection from frost in winter. Culture. They thrive in leaf-mould, loam and grit where they may be kept moist, particularly whilst flowering. Propagate from seed inside when ripe or by division of offsets in spring or autumn whilst resting. Species. Z. Atamasco (Pure White, March-June, 8-12 in.); and Z. Candida (White, tinged Rose, Aug.-Sept., 6-8 in.).

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